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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acceleration
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The rate at which an object changes its velocity
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Active Transport
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The movement of substances against a concentration gradient; requires energy |
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Adaption |
The gradual change of a particular organism over generations to become better suited to its environment
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Aerobic Respiration |
Respiration using oxygen, which releases energy and produces carbon dioxide and water
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Air Resistance |
The frictional force that acts on a moving object
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Allotropes |
Different structural forms of the same element e.g. diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon with different molecular structures
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Anaerobic Respiration |
Releasing energy from glucose in living cells in the absence of oxygen to produce a small amount of energy very quickly
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Artery |
Large blood vessel with narrow lumen and thick elastic walls (carries blood away from the lungs)
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Asexual
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Reproduction with no parent; offspring are clones
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Atom |
The smallest part of an element that can enter into chemical reactions
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Atom Economy |
A measure of how many atoms from the reactants are in the desired product
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Atomic Number |
The number of protons in an atom; the underneath the symbol in the periodic table
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Attraction |
The drawing together of materials with different charges
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Batch Process |
A process where chemicals are added into a container, the reaction takes place, and the products are removed before a new reaction is started
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Braking Distance |
The distance a car travels during braking to a stop
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Calorimeter |
A container used to hold liquids during a calorimetry experiment
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Calorimetry |
An experiment used to measure the amount of energy released by a fuel or energy change reaction
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Capillary |
A blood vessel that connects arteries t veins; where the exchange of materials takes pace
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Catalyst |
A substance that is used to speed up a chemical reaction without being chemically altered itself
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Chlorophyll |
The green pigment found in most plants; responsible for photosynthesis
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Chromosome |
A coil of DNA made up of genes, found in the nucleus of plants/animal cells
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Circuit Breaker |
Electrical switch which protects a circuit from damage
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Clone |
A genetically identical offspring of an organism
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Collision |
When two or more particles hit each other
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Compound |
A substance consisting of two or more elements chemically bonded
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Compression |
Area of high pressure in a medium caused by a wave e.g. sound
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Concentration |
A measure of amount of substance dissolved in a solution
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Conductor |
Material that transfers thermal or electrical energy
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Continuous Process |
A process that doesn’t stop; reactants are fed in at one end and products are removed at the other end at the same time
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Covalent Bond |
A bond between two atoms in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared
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Current |
The rate of flow of an electrical charge; measured in amperes (A)
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Cytoplasm |
The jelly-like substance found in living cells where chemical reactions take place
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Data |
Information collected from an experiment/investigation
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Decay |
Rotting, breaking down
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Decomposers |
Organisms that break down dead plants or animals into simpler substances
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Denature |
To irreversibly change the substance of a protein molecule
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Detritivore
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An organism that feeds on dead organisms and the waste of living organisms
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Detritus |
Waste material from dead and decomposing plants and animals
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Differentiation |
A process by which simple cells become specialised to perform a specific function
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Diffusion |
The net movement of particles from a high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Diploid |
A full chromosome set (i.e. 46), as found in most cells of the body
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Distance-Time Graph |
A graph showing distance travelled against time taken; the gradient of the line represents speed
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Distillation |
A process used to separate liquids by evaporation followed by condensation to produce a pure liquid
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) |
The nucleic acid molecules that make up chromosomes in cells and carry genetic information
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Double Helix |
Structure of DNA; twisted ladder structure
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Earthed |
Connecting the metal case of an electrical appliance to the earth wire of a plug
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Ecosystem |
Refers to a physical environment – the conditions there and the organisms that live there
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Electromagnetic Waves |
Includes radio waves, visible light and gamma, all of which can travel through a vacuum at the speed of light
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Electron |
A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom
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Electron Configuration |
The arrangement of electrons in the shell of an atom or ion
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Element |
A substance that consists of only one type of atom
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Embryo |
An organism in the early stages of development in the uterus
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Endothermic |
A reaction that takes in energy
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Energy |
Ability to do work; measured in joules
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Enzyme |
A protein molecule and biological catalyst found in living organisms that helps chemical reactions to take place
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Evaporation |
When particles gain enough energy to leave the liquid and become a gas
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Exothermic |
A reaction that releases energy
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Fertilisation |
That fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete
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Fertiliser |
Any substance used to make soil more fertile
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Flaccid |
A plant cell that isn’t rigid; it is floppy due to lack of water
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Force |
A push or pull acting on an object; measured in newtons (N)
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Fossil Fuel |
Coal, oil and natural gas
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Frequency |
The number of waves produced (or that pass a particular point) in one second
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Friction |
The resistive forces between two surfaces as they move over each other
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Fuse |
A thin piece of metal, which overheats and melts to break an electrical circuit if it’s overloaded
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Gamete |
A specialised sex cell (egg and sperm)
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Gene |
A small section of DNA, in a chromosome, that determines a particular characteristic on its own or in combination with other genes
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Genetic Engineering/Modification |
The alteration of the genetic make-up of an organism, e.g. by introducing new genes from another organism
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Glucose |
A type of sugar; plants make this during photosynthesis
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Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) |
The energy an object has because of its mass and height above the earth
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Group |
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table
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Haemoglobin |
The pigment that carries oxygen in the red blood cells
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Half-life |
The time taken for half the atoms in radioactive material to decay
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Halide |
A negative ion made from a group 7 element that has gained one electron
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Halogens |
Elements in the group 7 of the periodic table
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Haploid |
A cell that contains just one copy of each chromosome (i.e. 23 chromosomes)
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Hydroponics |
A method of growing plants in a solution instead of soil or compost
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Hydroxide |
An OH- ion
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Hypothesis |
A scientific explanation that will be tested through experiments
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Insoluble |
A substance that is unable to dissolve in a solvent
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Insulator |
A substance that doesn’t transfer thermal or electrical energy
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Intensive farming |
Farming which uses fertilisers and labour-saving technologies including pesticides and machinery
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Ion |
A positively or negatively charged particle formed when an atom or group of atoms gains or loses one or more electron(s)
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Ionic bond |
The bond formed when electrons are transferred between a metal and a non-metal atom, creating charged ions that are then held together by forces of attraction
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Ionising |
Radiation that turns atoms into ions
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Isotope |
One or more atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers
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Isotopes |
Atoms of the same element which contain different numbers of neutrons
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Joule (J) |
Unit of energy
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Kinetic Energy (KE) |
The energy possessed by a body because of its movement
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Lactic Acid |
A waste product from anaerobic respiration in animals
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Limiting Factor
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A factor that limits the rate of reaction
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Longitudinal Wave |
A wave where particles vibrate in the direction of energy transfer
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Mass |
The quantity of matter in an object
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Mass Number |
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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Meiosis |
Cell division in reproductive tissue, which produces gametes with a half-chromosome set
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Meristem |
An area where unspecialised cells divide, producing plant growth e.g. roots, shoots
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Microorganism |
An organism that can only be seen with a microscope, e.g. bacteria
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Mitochondria |
The structures in the cytoplasm of a cell where energy is produced through respiration reactions
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Mitosis |
The type of cell division that forms two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
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Model |
A representation of a system or idea, used to describe or explain the system or idea
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Momentum |
A measure of the state of motion of an object as a product of its mass and velocity
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Mutation |
A spontaneous change in the genetic material of a cell
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Nanochemistry |
The study of materials that have a very small size, in the order of 1-100nm; one nanometre is one billionth of a metre and can be written as 1nm of 1m x 10-9
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Neutron– |
A sub-atomic particle found in the nucleus of atoms; it has no charge
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Nuclear Fission |
The splitting of atomic nuclei
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Nuclear Fusion |
The release of heat energy when two nuclei join together
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Nucleus |
The core of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons (except hydrogen, which contains a single proton)
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Octet |
Eight electrons in the outer shell
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Organic Farming |
Involves farming without the use of chemicals, artificial fertilisers, pesticides, or herbicides
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Osmosis |
The net movement of water particles from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane
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Oxyhaemoglobin |
Haemoglobin combined with oxygen
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Period |
A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
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Pest |
An organism that causes damage or harm
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Pesticide |
A chemical that kills pests
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Phloem |
Allows the movement of food substances (sugars) around the plant (translocation), up and down stems to growing tissues and storage tissues. The phloem cells are made of long columns of living cells
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Photosynthesis |
The chemical process that takes place in green plants where water combines with carbon dioxide to produce glucose using light energy
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Plasmolysis |
The concentration of the inside of plant cells due to the loss of water
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Pollutant |
A chemical that can harm the environment and organisms
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Pollution |
The contamination of an environment by chemicals, waste or heat
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Pooter |
Apparatus used to collect insects
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Population |
A group of organisms of the same species living in a defined area
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Power |
The rate of doing work; measured in watts (W)
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Precipitate |
An insoluble solid formed during a reaction involving ionic solutions
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Precipitation |
The formation of an insoluble solid (a precipitate) when twosolutions containing ions are mixed together |
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Predator |
An animal that hunts, kills and eats its prey
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Pressure |
The amount of gas particles in a volume. It is like concentration for a gas
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Product |
A substance made in a chemical reaction
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Proteins |
Large organic compounds made of amino acids; needed in the diet for growth and repair
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Proton |
A positively charged sub-atomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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Quadrat |
A square of known size used in ecology to sample an area randomly
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Radiation |
Electromagnetic waves/particles emitted by a radioactive substance
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Radioactive |
Substance that emits radiation from its atomic nuclei
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Radioisotope |
A radioactive isotope of an element
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Rarefaction |
Area of low pressure in a medium caused by a wave, e.g. sound
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Reactant |
A starting material in a reaction
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Recovery rate |
The time it takes for your heart rate to return to normal after exercise
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Relative atomic mass (Ar) |
The mass of an atom compared to a twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom
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Relative formula mass (Mr) |
The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a compound
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Relative Speed |
The speed of an object, relative to another object that is being treated to be at rest
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Repulsion |
The pushing away of materials that have the same charge
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Resistance |
How hard it is to get a current through a component at a particular potential difference; measured in ohms (Ω)
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Respiration |
A process that takes place in cells, which releases energy from glucose
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Ribosomes |
Tiny organelles in the cell that carry out protein synthesis
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Salt |
The product of a chemical reaction between a base and an acid
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Saprophytes |
Bacteria and fungi that feed on dead organic material
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Selective Breeding |
The process by which animals are selected and made to produce offspring with desirable characteristics
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Soluble |
When a substance dissolves
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Speed |
The rate at which an object moves
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Speed-Time Graph |
A graph showing speed against time; the gradient of the line represents acceleration
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Stable |
Does not react
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Static Electricity |
Build-up of charge in a substance
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Stem Cells |
Cells from human embryos or adult bone marrow that have yet to differentiate
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Stomata |
The tiny openings on a plant leaf used for gas exchange
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Sweep-net |
A large net used to catch insects so they can be counted or studied
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Terminal Speed |
A steady falling speed, when the weight of an object is equal and opposite to the air resistance on it
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Thinking Distance |
The distance that a care travels whilst the driver reacts and starts to brake
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Tracer |
A radioactive substance that can be followed and detected
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Transect |
A sample method
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Transfer |
Moving energy from one place to another
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Transformer |
An electrical device that changes the voltage of alternating currents
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Translocation |
The transportation of food through phloem in plants
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Transpiration |
The loss of water (by diffusion and evaporation) from plants, especially from their leaves
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Turgid |
A rigid plant
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Ultrasound |
Sound waves with a frequency above 20,000Hz
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Variable |
Something that changes during the course of an experiment/investigation
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Vein
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A type of blood vessel that transports blood towards the heart |
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Voltage (Potential Difference) |
The difference in potential between two points in an electrical circuit; the energy transferred in a circuit by each Coulomb of charge; measured in volts (V)
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Wavelength |
The distance between corresponding points on two adjacent disturbances
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Weight |
The gravitational force that pulls an object towards the centre of the Earth
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Xylem |
Transports water and soluble mineral salts from the roots to the leaves (transpiration). The vessels are made from dead plant cells. The cellulose cell walls are thickened with a waterproof substance
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Yield |
The amount of product obtained, e.g. from a crop or a chemical reaction
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Zonation
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Distribution of organisms in an area; sampling method
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