Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
595 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Right-handed people have their speech localized to the right hemisphere about _____% of the time. |
2 |
|
|
Primary progressive aphasia is characterized by:
|
impairment in fluency and naming.
|
|
|
Why is it important to read numbers at a steady pace during administration of the “digit span” task?
|
“chunking” can enhance performance
|
|
|
What does “STM” stand for?
|
“Short–Term Memory”
|
|
|
What does “WM” stand for? |
“Working Memory”
|
|
|
Memory process: Encoding. Anatomy:
|
(Left) prefrontal––>temporal.
|
|
|
Orientation (def. within attention topic)
|
(re)alignment of sensory organs (e.g., direction of gaze)
|
|
|
How are results on spatial span often differ from those on digit span?
|
1–2 units shorter
|
|
|
Delirium: in what percentage of hospitalized patients over 65 y.o. ?
|
20–25
|
|
|
On HVOT, normal individuals generally fail no more than
|
6 items.
|
|
|
What is WM comprised of?
|
A “central executive” which regulates 2 slave systems.
|
|
|
In 1974, Baddeley and Fitch proposed
|
a concept of working (short–term) memory.
|
|
|
confabulation
|
a memory disturbance, defined as the production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive
|
|
|
Visual Angulation (usually located where)
|
a right hemisphere function (temporo–occipital)
|
|
|
refers to a period in action potential during which a new action potential cannot be elicited
|
absolutely refractory
|
|
|
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, the ependymal, microglial, and Schwann cells (are what kind of cells?)
|
accessory cells
|
|
|
how are vigilance tests scored
|
According to omission and commission errors and RT
|
|
|
What are the two main neurotransmitters involved in ARAS?
|
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
|
|
|
Lesions in region of occipito–temporal junction may result in
|
achromatopsia
|
|
|
Achromatopsia
|
acquired impairment in perception of colours.
|
|
|
STM/WM
|
active, online maintenance and manipulation of information; interface between attention and memory; limited duration and storage capacity
|
|
|
Name two clinical syndromes that can result from disturbances of attentional matrix.
|
Acute confusional state, unilateral neglect.
|
|
|
What is the most common neurological disorder of mental state?
|
Acute confusional state.
|
|
|
what does ADP stand for?
|
adenosine diphosphate
|
|
|
molecule important to cellular energy metabolism
|
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
|
|
|
The study of disturbances of established patterns of behavior
|
Adult Neuropsychology
|
|
|
emotional complex associated with a mental state; the feeling experienced in connection with emotion
|
affect
|
|
|
In Japanese speakers, kanji and kana are
|
affected equally by left-hemisphere injury.
|
|
|
Define “clouded consciousness”
|
alert but unable to direct/maintain attention on a task (wandering attention); easily distracted
|
|
|
Symptom triad of memory loss, anomia and visuospatial deficits has been suggested as hallmark of
|
Alzheimer’s disease
|
|
|
Which anatomical structure is important in evaluative learning?
|
amygdala
|
|
|
Downer's experiment with monkeys involved lesions to the ____
|
amygdala, optic chiasm, corpus callosum
|
|
|
massa intermedia
|
an area of gray matter (cells) that connects the left and right sides of the thalamus across midline
|
|
|
Yerkish is _____
|
an artificial language involving keyboard symbols
|
|
|
Liegeois-Chauvel and colleagues found that damage to the superior temporal gyrus leads to
|
an inability to discriminate melodies.
|
|
|
decreased vision or blindness
|
anopsia
|
|
|
Hemianopia, or hemianopsia, is a
|
anopsia in half the visual field of one or both eyes, usually on one side of the vertical midline.
|
|
|
A denial of illness is called _____
|
anosognosia
|
|
|
In a study by Canli et al. (2004) it was demonstrated that individuals rated as "extroverts" showed greater activation of which brain region is response to "positive" stimuli?
|
anterior cingulated cortex
|
|
|
Your patient can name odors presented to the left nostril but not to the right. You suspect damage to the ___
|
anterior commissure
|
|
|
Hallmark deficit in classic limbic amnesia syndrome
|
anterograde amnesia
|
|
|
What drug’s toxicity is likely to cause an acute confusional state?
|
anticholinergics
|
|
|
Excessive tone in the _ muscles is called decerebrate rigidity
|
antigravity
|
|
|
peptide
|
any compound with low molecular weight that yield two or more amino acids on hydrolysis
|
|
|
neuroblast
|
any embryonic cell that develops into a neuron
|
|
|
interneuron
|
any neuron lying between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
|
|
|
neurofibril
|
any of numerous fibrils making up part of the internal structure of a neuron;
|
|
|
A measure of discrepancy from normal language performance
|
Aphasia Quotient (AQ) on WAB.
|
|
|
_____ may refer to a disorder of language apparent in speech, in writing (in this case also called __________), or in reading (also called __________) produced by injury to brain areas specialized for these functions.
|
Aphasia, agraphia, alexia
|
|
|
If a patient is unable to point to named objects and cannot match nor copy stimuli, you may suspect
|
Apperceptive visual agnosia
|
|
|
2 types of visual object agnosia by Lissauer (1890)
|
Apperceptive visual agnosia; associative visual agnosia
|
|
|
On the Block design, patients with left hemisphere lesions
|
approach in orderly manner, proceed from left to right, top to bottom, show simplification and concrete handling of design.
|
|
|
Which is NOT one of the classic symptoms of Gerstmann syndrome?
|
apraxia
|
|
|
Higher order regulatory influences that affect all sensory modalities in attention are mediated by
|
ARAS (bottom–up) and higher order association cortex, especially frontal lobes (top–down).
|
|
|
somatic muscles
|
are attached to the skeleton
|
|
|
Difficulty in understanding words is a common symptom of damage to ____
|
area 22 on the left side
|
|
|
Which frontal region is most closely associated with Broca's aphasia?
|
area 44
|
|
|
paralimbic cortex
|
area of three-layered cortex that is adjacent to the classically defined limbic cortex
|
|
|
Contralateral neglect is commonly found after damage to _____
|
area PG in the right hemisphere
|
|
|
According to Brodmann's neuroanatomical identification scheme, Broca's area is referred to as __________, and Wernicke's area is referred to as ______
|
areas 44 and 45, area 22
|
|
|
In Felleman and van Essen's distributed hierarchical model
|
Areas at each level are interconnected with one another.
|
|
|
neuritic plaques
|
areas of incomplete necrosis that are often seen in the cortices of people with senile dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease.
|
|
|
Apraxia is commonly found after damage to _____
|
areas PF and PG in the left hemisphere
|
|
|
maturation hypothesis
|
argues that both hemispheres initially have roles in language but the left hemisphere gradually becomes more specialized for language control
|
|
|
General level of responsiveness (def. within attention topic)
|
arousal
|
|
|
What does ARAS stand for?
|
Ascending Reticular Activating System
|
|
|
How do you assess dissociation between two abilities: repetition and meaning knowledge?
|
Ask to repeat the word, then ask what it means.
|
|
|
Behavioral observations, such as level of patient’s arousal, registering instructions, coherence in speech and action and distractibility are critical in ….
|
Assessment of attention
|
|
|
What is Beery Developmental Test of VMI good for?
|
assessment of developmental cognitive deficits
|
|
|
The inability to recognize objects by touch is called ___
|
astereognosis
|
|
|
Divided attention
|
attending to multiple events simultaneously
|
|
|
Set of processes that control which of many competing internal and external stimuli/events will have access to consciousness and/or will be acted upon
|
attention
|
|
|
What do Auditory Consonant Trigrams and Trail Making Tests measure?
|
Attention and Information Processing Speed
|
|
|
Top–down influences in attention
|
Attention directed voluntarily
|
|
|
Bottom–up influences in attention
|
Attention is engaged involuntarily
|
|
|
Slowed processing speed often underlies
|
attentional deficits
|
|
|
Which is the name given to the developmental language disorder that can be described in the following way? When one letter is present, letter naming is normal. When more than one letter is present, letter naming is difficult. Even if a letter is specially colored, underlined, has an arrow pointing to it, and is pointed to by the tester, it may be named incorrectly when it is not alone.
|
attentional dyslexia
|
|
|
Evidence suggests that congenitally deaf people have
|
atypical patterns of cerebral organization.
|
|
|
What is a phonological loop?
|
Auditory WM
|
|
|
Name five levels of consciousness (arousal)
|
Awake and alert; clouded consciousness, obtundation, stupor, coma.
|
|
|
Define “Obtundation”
|
Awake but drowsy; responsive but slow
|
|
|
Mental Manipulation/Tracking Tasks
|
Backward digit span and spatial span (WMS, WAIS); Digit Sequencing (WAIS–IV); Letter–Number Sequencing (WAIS–IV); Brown–Peterson Technique (Auditory Consonant Trigrams, CCCs)
|
|
|
When you see cortical paralysis of visual fixation, optic ataxia, disturbance of visual attention, you may consider diagnosis of…
|
Balint’s syndrome.
|
|
|
This test involves copying 24 geometric figures of increasing difficulty
|
Beery Developmental Test of Visual–Motor Integration
|
|
|
The first evidence that the temporal lobes had a role in memory was provided by
|
Bekhterev
|
|
|
Sherry (1985) demonstrated that some food-caching members of which group of animals do not share visual information between the two hemispheres (e.g., stimuli taken in by the left eye project to the right visual cortex only)?
|
birds
|
|
|
The ability to point to a touched area of the body without actually being able to feel the touch at a conscious level is called ______
|
blind touch
|
|
|
The regions of cytochrome-rich areas in the occipital lobe are referred to as
|
blobs or stripes
|
|
|
On Wechsler scales, which subtest is the best measure of visuospatial organization?
|
Block design
|
|
|
otolith organs
|
bodies in the inner ear that provide vestibular information
|
|
|
What do concepts of STM and WM have in common?
|
Both characterized by limited storage capacity & brief duration.
|
|
|
Which is NOT a part of explicit memory functioning?
|
bottom-up processing
|
|
|
Examples of mild extrapyramidal findings in dementia with Lewy bodies
|
bradykinesia, rigidity, masked facies
|
|
|
ablation
|
brain lesion
|
|
|
When measuring language lateralization, how do the results of dichotic-listening tasks differ from the results of brain stimulation in right-handed subjects?
|
Brain stimulation shows a higher rate of left lateralization.
|
|
|
What does BVMT–R stand for?
|
Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised.
|
|
|
How is WM different from STM?
|
Broader concept – refers both to maintenance and active manipulation of on–line info.
|
|
|
Damage to __________ in the __________ hemisphere has been proposed to produce motor aprosodia.
|
Broca's area, right
|
|
|
Dual task paradigm that requires holding infraspan info in mind while performing a distraction task, Initially designed to prevent rehearsal to measure duration of STM
|
Brown–Peterson Technique (Auditory Consonant Trigrams, CCCs)
|
|
|
How does JLo examine the ability to estimate angular relationships between line segments?
|
by visually matching angle line pairs to numbered radii forming a semi–circle
|
|
|
interoceptive
|
C.S. Sherrington’s term referring to the internal sensory receptors, such as those in the viscera
|
|
|
What does CVLT–2 stand for?
|
California Verbal Learning Test II
|
|
|
parasympathetic nerves
|
calming nerves that enable the body to “rest and digest”
|
|
|
Environmental deprivation
|
can negatively impact both cerebral organization and brain size.
|
|
|
In what type of prosopagnosia people may experience familiar as strange or imposters?
|
Capgras syndrome
|
|
|
These may be seen following left-hemisphere damage in humans?
|
catastrophic reactions
|
|
|
accessory cells
|
cells that originate from germinal cells (spongioblasts)and contribute to the support, nourishment, conduction, and repair of neurons
|
|
|
Which anatomical structures are important in procedural learning?
|
cerebellum and striatum
|
|
|
Left-hemisphere dominance for song is
|
characteristic of only some songbirds.
|
|
|
neurotransmitters
|
chemical that is released from a synapse in response to an action potential and acts on postsynaptic receptors to change the resting potential of the receiving cell
|
|
|
The study of disturbances from congenital or acquired lesions which in turn affect the development of the individual
|
Child Neuropsychology
|
|
|
nicotinic receptor
|
cholinergic receptor at the neuro-muscular junction.
|
|
|
The parietal lobe is demarcated dorsally by the ___
|
cingulate gyrus
|
|
|
neurotrophic factors
|
class of compounds that act to support growth and differentiation in developing neurons
|
|
|
CS à US à UR; CS à CR; e.g., eyeblink
|
classical conditioning
|
|
|
Neurons devoted to the perception of __________ are widespread, and their function is believed to be integral to the analysis of other features such as shape and motion.
|
color
|
|
|
In what state of arousal the person is unarousable, no behavioral responsiveness?
|
Coma.
|
|
|
Roger Sperry collaborated with Bogen and Vogel for his research on
|
commissurotomy patients.
|
|
|
In which of the following is there usually a left-ear advantage?
|
complex pitch perception
|
|
|
In individuals who have undergone right hemidecortication in childhood, the most severe effects are usually seen in
|
complex visualspatial tasks
|
|
|
What kind of test is RBANS?
|
Comprehensive (multi–domain)
|
|
|
According to Collins and Kimura, men excel women at
|
computation
|
|
|
Most common version of vigilance tests
|
computerized continuous performance task requiring that subject detect target stimuli from among a series of stimuli over relatively long periods of time (monotonous)
|
|
|
sensitization
|
condition in which subsequent exposure to a drug induce a stronger behavioral response than did the original exposure
|
|
|
Name paramnesic phenomena in frontal patients:
|
confabulation; reduplicative paramnesia; Capgras syndrome.
|
|
|
What engages the attention in top–down influences?
|
Conscious states such as motivation, volition.
|
|
|
Processes by which memories converted from temporary to more permanent storage; bind elements together in a memory trace with a marker
|
consolidation memory process.
|
|
|
nystagmus
|
constant, tiny involuntary eye movements
|
|
|
Description of the flexibility of attention
|
constantly shifting as goals change; same stimulus can be allocated more or less attention according to current context and past experience
|
|
|
CPT–II stands for
|
Continuous Performance Test
|
|
|
abdominal reflex
|
contraction of the abdominal muscles in response to stroking the abdomen
|
|
|
A patient shaves only one side of his face, reads only half of compound words, and dresses and uses only half of his body. Collectively, this patient is exhibiting symptoms of ____
|
contralateral neglect
|
|
|
In rodents, postural asymmetries
|
correlate with individual differences in the distribution of neurotransmitters, especially dopamine.
|
|
|
A patient such as D.B., who is able to point accurately to locations that he does not report seeing, is demonstrating
|
cortical blindness
|
|
|
Tests of apraxia, drawing, block design construction, calculation, and Raven’s Progressive Matrices are included in
|
Cortical Quotient (CQ)
|
|
|
pseudopsychopathy, pseudodepression, or sexual behavioral deficits may be a sign of
|
damage to the frontal lobe
|
|
|
A deficit in perceiving biological motion may be a sign of
|
damage to the superior temporal sulcus
|
|
|
lipofuscin granule
|
dark-pigmented substance that accumulates in brain cells as they age
|
|
|
Dependent on medial temporal lobe system involving the hippocampus and adjacent entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices
|
declarative memory
|
|
|
lateral fissure
|
deep cleft on the basal surface of the brain that extends laterally, posteriorly, and upward, this separating the temporal and parietal lobes.
|
|
|
Retrograde amnesia
|
defect in ability to recall events that occurred prior to illness onset
|
|
|
Name two visuospatial deficits:
|
Defective localization of points in space; defective judgment of direction and distance
|
|
|
ischemia
|
deficiency of blood due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel
|
|
|
optic ataxia
|
deficit in the visual control of reaching and other movements and in eye movements
|
|
|
wanting-and-liking theory
|
defines “wanting” as equivalent to craving a drug, which increases with addiction, whereas “liking” is defined as the pleasure produced by drug taking, which decreases in addiction.
|
|
|
transneuronal degeneration
|
degeneration of a cell that synapses with a damaged cell
|
|
|
traumatic encephalopathy
|
degenerative disease of the brain brought on by a head trauma
|
|
|
Acute confusional state is also known as
|
delirium
|
|
|
What does D–KEFS stand for?
|
Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System
|
|
|
What does DRS stand for?
|
Dementia Rating Scale
|
|
|
Recurrent visual hallucination that are typically well–formed and detailed are common in (diagnosis)
|
Dementia with Lewy bodies.
|
|
|
kindling
|
development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to an initially subconvulsant stimulus
|
|
|
On Beery Developmental Test of VMI, scores are expressed in terms of
|
developmental level of ability
|
|
|
Deficits observed in patients with prefrontal damage can also be observed in
|
Diencephalic amnesics (e.g., Korsakoff disease patients), which differentiate them from bitemporal amnesics.
|
|
|
Philip Bard, working with animals with selective brain damage, emphasized the importance of the __________ in the production of emotional responses.
|
diencephalon
|
|
|
Parkinson’s disease
|
disease of the motor system that is correlated with a loss of dopamine in the brain
|
|
|
Association fibers connect _____ areas
|
distant neocortical
|
|
|
On visuocontruction tasks, right hemisphere signs include (among others)
|
Distortion in general shape, orientation, organization, perspective and proportion; Piecemeal, fragmented approach, with loss of overall gestalt
|
|
|
Frontal Lobe Attentional Deficits
|
Distractibility; Difficulty sustaining attention over time; Difficulty inhibiting automatic, overlearned responses (e.g., Stroop effect, “stimulus pull”)
|
|
|
longitudinal fissure
|
divides two hemispheres
|
|
|
silent synapses
|
do not appear functional until other, dominant synapses are removed
|
|
|
Patients with semantic dementia
|
do not know the meaning of the word, even if it is familiar.
|
|
|
What is the only way to detect unilateral neglect of milder form? (as it resolves?)
|
Double simultaneous stimulation, i.e., when there is competition from stimulation in the other hemi–space.
|
|
|
Which is more likely after right parietal damage?
|
dressing disability
|
|
|
What engages the attention in bottom–up influences?
|
Drive states or events or stimuli in the external environment
|
|
|
This is also a comprehensive, multi–domain test
|
DRS
|
|
|
neuroleptic
|
drug used to treat psychosis
|
|
|
Why are real objects easier to recognize than geometric shapes for people with apperceptive visual agnosia?
|
due to availability of such cues as size, color, and texture
|
|
|
On motor examination, deficient performance can indicate
|
dysfunction in the hemisphere contralateral to the affected limb.
|
|
|
Name temporal parameters of memory
|
echoic, short–term, long–term, remote
|
|
|
The "temporal lobe personality" is characterized by _____
|
egocentricity, pedantic speech, perseveration in talking
|
|
|
Which patients are especially vulnerable to an acute confusional state?
|
Elderly and patients with pre–existing brain disease or dementia.
|
|
|
What is amygdala’s role in memory?
|
emotionally arousing events (which activate it) remembered better than emotionally neutral events (depends, in turn, on release of cortisone and adrenaline) ––> strengthens neural connections
|
|
|
meningioma
|
encapsulated brain tumor growing from the meninges
|
|
|
a hypothetical permanent change in the brain accounting for the existence of memory; a memory trace
|
engram
|
|
|
The patients studied by Sperry and his colleagues had undergone commissurotomy as a radical treatment for ____
|
epilepsy
|
|
|
What is the hypothesized third WM slave system?
|
Episodic buffer – links info across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal info and chronological ordering; assumed to have links to LTM.
|
|
|
Whether a stimulus or event has positive or negative valence (e.g., fear conditioning and extinction/ desensitization)
|
evaluative learning
|
|
|
“unilateral neglect”
|
Example of impairment in domain–specific system that controls allocation of attention in extrapersonal space.
|
|
|
What do D–KEFS and WCST assess?
|
Executive Abilities
|
|
|
On the clock test, trouble with hand placement may indicate
|
executive dysfunction
|
|
|
On the Hooper, pulls for perceptual fragmentation are often seen with …
|
executive dysfunction and right frontal lesions.
|
|
|
Patients with prefrontal damage not amnesic but have deficits in
|
executive processes involved in monitoring, organizing, and using memory effectively
|
|
|
maturational-lag hypothesis
|
explains a disability by suggesting that a system is not yet mature or is maturing slowly
|
|
|
natural selection
|
explains that animals with certain adaptive characteristics are more likely to survive and pass their genes than others.
|
|
|
People who have prosopagnosia cannot perceive _____accurately.
|
faces
|
|
|
These are some of the characteristics of attention
|
Finite and Flexible
|
|
|
Brown–Peterson Technique (Auditory Consonant Trigrams, CCCs) is sensitive (can detect)
|
FL lesions, mTBI, ADHD
|
|
|
The individual who first studied the development of myelin in the cortex was __
|
Flechsig
|
|
|
The __________ response is associated with bringing stimuli into contact with _______
|
flehmen, Jacobson's organ
|
|
|
The requirement of balance between concentration and distractibility is a description of which attribute of attention?
|
Flexible
|
|
|
The conclusion that the same brain areas are involved in both speech and signing is based primarily on
|
fMRI data on signing and speech.
|
|
|
According to Yip (2006), the ability to __________ is least important for language formation.
|
form sounds
|
|
|
What are 3 conditions in the “digit span” task? (e.g., in WAIS–IV)
|
Forward, backward, and ordering
|
|
|
Compared to copying, which tasks are even better at detecting unilateral inattention?
|
Free drawing and bilaterally symmetrical figures such as cross or star
|
|
|
Where is another one of the two major upstream projections of ARAS?
|
from brainstem and basal forebrain to cerebral cortex
|
|
|
how many layers of cells does neocortex have?
|
from four to six
|
|
|
On Block Design, if you observe stimulus boundedness, impulsivity and carelessness, concrete perspective, random approach to solution, failure to detect or correct errors, you may suspect
|
frontal lesions
|
|
|
Projections from the temporal lobe to the __________ are thought to be primarily involved in movement control, short-term memory, and affect
|
frontal lobe
|
|
|
Difficulty switching between tasks, categories, dimensions; Impairment in dual–task paradigms (e.g., CCCs)
|
Frontal Lobe Attentional Deficits
|
|
|
What does FTD stand for?
|
frontotemporal dementia
|
|
|
What does FTD/MND stand for?
|
frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease.
|
|
|
What does FTLD stand for?
|
frontotemporal lobar degeneration
|
|
|
Name several FTLD clinical syndromes
|
FTD, Progressive Aphasia, Semantic Dementia.
|
|
|
In Alzheimer’s disease, 1) getting lost in familiar surroundings or when driving, 2) becoming disoriented in their own home, 3) difficulty recognizing familiar faces can be seen as
|
functional evidence of visuospatial impairment
|
|
|
Hasson et al. (2004) performed an fMRI study in which they found that when a participant viewed close-ups of the faces of actors watching a film, the participant's __________ tended to become active, but when the participant viewed the actors from a distance against a background, the participant's __________ tended to become active.
|
fusiform face area, parahippocampal place area
|
|
|
nitric oxide
|
gas that acts as a chemical neurotransmitter in many cells
|
|
|
Epigenetics refers to changes in
|
gene regulation that take place without a change in the DNA sequence.
|
|
|
occipital lobe
|
general area of the cortex lying in the back part of the head
|
|
|
Nadel and Moscovitch's multiple-trace theory contends that there are three types of memory. Which?
|
general semantic, autobiographical, factual semantic
|
|
|
paresis
|
general term for loss of physical and mental ability due to brain disease, particularly from syphilitic infection
|
|
|
The anterior portion of the corpus callosum is called the ___
|
genu
|
|
|
Who further developed the Dejerine and Liepmann concept of "disconnexion syndromes"?
|
Geschwind
|
|
|
Kimura found evidence for a relationship between speech and hand movements when she observed that right-handed individuals
|
gestured more with their right hands while speaking.
|
|
|
On the Hooper, patients with right–sided lesions tend to…
|
give fragmented or part responses
|
|
|
“acute confusional state”.
|
Global impairment of the attentional matrix due to diffuse brain disease or dysfunction.
|
|
|
Syntax is more generally referred to as _____
|
grammar
|
|
|
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
|
group of symptoms resulting from bilateral damage to the temporal lobes
|
|
|
Heschl’s gyrus
|
gyrus of the human temporal lobe that is roughly equivalent to auditory area I.
|
|
|
Which variables are related to the size of the corpus callosum?
|
handedness, gender, age
|
|
|
Jacksonian focal seizure
|
has consistent sensory or motor symptoms such as a twitching in the face or hand
|
|
|
ionotropic receptor
|
has two parts: a binding site for a neurotransmitter and a pore that regulates ion flow
|
|
|
neurotropic viruses
|
have a strong affinity for cells of the central nervous system
|
|
|
On the clock test, patients with right–hemisphere damage
|
have a tendency to leave out numbers of left–side or bunch them on right.
|
|
|
On Object Assembly, R hemisphere patients
|
have more difficulty visualizing what puzzle pieces make and may not recognize until almost finished or may regard grossly inaccurate constructions as correct
|
|
|
Peretz and Zatorre (2005) have demonstrated that there is a difference in size in which brain structure between musicians and nonmusicians?
|
Hechl's gyrus
|
|
|
HERA stands for __________.
|
hemispheric encoding and retrieval asymmetry
|
|
|
According to the theories presented (consolidation theory, multiple-trace theory, reconsolidation theory), which is NOT a variable in retrograde amnesia?
|
hemispheric specialization
|
|
|
Transverse temporal gyrus is also know as
|
Heschl’s gyrus
|
|
|
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) are only suitable for
|
high–functioning individuals who are not mathematically impaired
|
|
|
medulloblastoma
|
highly malignant brain tumor found almost exclusively in the cerebellums of children
|
|
|
The perforant pathway is a set of projections that lead from the ____ and are crucial to the proper functioning of learning and memory.
|
hippocampus
|
|
|
limbic lobe or limbic system includes
|
hippocampus, septum, cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala
|
|
|
A visual defect called __________ indicates damage to the optic tract, lateral geniculate body, or area V1
|
homonymous hemianopia
|
|
|
This test is useful for differentiating between visuoperceptual and more motor–constructive problems
|
Hooper VOT
|
|
|
peptide hormone
|
hormone that influences its target cell’s activity by binding to metabotropic receptors on the cell membrane, generating a second messenger that affects the cell’s physiology
|
|
|
The binding problem asks:
|
How do sensations in specific channels combine into perceptions that translate as a unified experience that we call reality?
|
|
|
An example of the visual organization test
|
HVOT (Hooper, 1983)
|
|
|
The __ is critically important in maintaining bodily homeostasis
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
Kennard principle
|
idea that early brain damage produces less severe behavioral effects than does brain damage incurred later in life
|
|
|
Hidden Figures Test (Thurstone, 1944) requires patient to
|
identify a simple figure embedded in the more complex one
|
|
|
Typically, if you placed a common object in his or her right hand, a blindfolded commissurotomy patient would
|
identify the object by saying its name.
|
|
|
In addition to previously learned skills and preferences, which other abilities are intact in classic limbic amnesia syndrome?
|
Immediate or “working” memory; Remote memory; Semantic (factual) knowledge and other
|
|
|
In assessing achromatopsia, you need to discriminate between
|
impaired color perception and color anomia
|
|
|
Nonfluent type of progressive aphasia is characterized by:
|
impaired fluency and apraxia of speech.
|
|
|
In apperceptive visual agnosia, visual object recognition is disrupted due to …
|
impairment in visual object agnosia (unable to be aware of the objects seen)
|
|
|
H.M.'s performance on the mirror-drawing task demonstrates his ability to display _____
|
implicit memory formation
|
|
|
Define “Stupor”
|
In deep sleep most of the time; can be aroused but only transiently; attention drifts, not sustained.
|
|
|
loss of social dominance, altered social preference, reduced affect have been observed
|
in non-human primates who have had frontal lobe lesions
|
|
|
lateral corticospinal tract
|
in the lateral spinal cord, a pathway that carries information instructing movement
|
|
|
Where is striate cortex located?
|
in the medial portion of the occipital lobes above and below the calcarine fissure
|
|
|
Wernicke's aphasia
|
inability to comprehend speech
|
|
|
Anterograde amnesia
|
inability to establish new, permanent memories of an “explicit” nature from time of illness onset as evident in deficits in delayed recall and recognition
|
|
|
Color agnosia
|
inability to identify characteristic colors of familiar objects (can’t name, recognize or match)
|
|
|
Name cardinal features of delirium in addition to disturbance of vigilance, heightened distractibility and impaired wm.
|
Inability to maintain coherent stream of thought and to carry out coherent sequence of goal–directed movements.
|
|
|
acalculia
|
inability to perform mathematical operations
|
|
|
Define Visual Object Agnosia:
|
inability to recognize a stimulus presented in a specific sensory modality not due to impairment of primary sensory processing, language deficits, attentional impairment, lack of experience with the stimulus, or generalized mental deterioration
|
|
|
Astereognosia
|
inability to recognize objects by touch in context of intact sensation
|
|
|
Simultanagnosia
|
inability to see more than one thing at a time or one aspect of an object at a time though details are correctly appreciated.
|
|
|
The orbitofrontal cortex is another name for the ____
|
inferior prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
meningitis
|
inflammation of the meninges
|
|
|
Memory process: registration. Description:
|
information perceived via sensory channels.
|
|
|
LTM
|
information stored off–line for indefinite periods of time; capacity virtually infinite
|
|
|
According to Dronkers et al., damage to which language structure in the cerebral cortex leads to apraxia of speech (difficulty in producing sequences of speech sounds)?
|
insula
|
|
|
Which anatomical structures are important in classical conditioning?
|
interpositus nucleus and overlying cerebellar cortex.
|
|
|
postulating that the left hemisphere is specialized for language at birth is an example of
|
invariance hypothesis
|
|
|
Memory process: Consolidation. Description:
|
Involves changes in cellular structure; usually not effortful, but active processing can improve later recall (e.g., spaced rehearsal)
|
|
|
limbic amnesia primarily
|
involves LTM
|
|
|
Name different types of aphasia:
|
isolation, conduction, anomic, transcortical motor, transcortical sensory, global, Wernicke’s, Broca’s.
|
|
|
How does damage to frontal lobe affect response to novelty?
|
It induces apathy and disinterest in environment.
|
|
|
In basic neutoanatomy for vision, after the visual signal enters the retina, what happens to it before it gets to the thalamus?
|
it projects through the optic radiations
|
|
|
The __________ is used to test for apraxia
|
Kimura Box Test
|
|
|
hypersexuality, excessive oral behavior, and visual agnosia may suggest
|
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
|
|
|
Patients with anomia
|
know the meaning of the word, but cannot retrieve the word.
|
|
|
Meta–memory and “feeling of knowing”
|
knowledge about one’s own memory capabilities, memory demands of particular tasks or situations, and potentially useful strategies relevant to given tasks or situations
|
|
|
On WAB–R, reading and writing scores are used to calculate
|
Language Quotient (LQ).
|
|
|
perforant pathway
|
large anatomical pathway connecting entorhinal cortex and subiculum with the hippocampal formation
|
|
|
On RCFT, what do healthy adults typically draw first?
|
large central rectangle
|
|
|
Nissle substance
|
large granular body that stains with basic dyes collectively forms the substance of the reticulum of the cytoplasm of a nerve cell
|
|
|
Drawing of right hemisphere patients usually … ?... than left hemisphere patients
|
larger
|
|
|
Which is true for women, compared to men?
|
larger language areas
|
|
|
In general, which is true for women, compared to men?
|
larger splenium of the corpus callosum
|
|
|
Sylvian fissue is also referred to as
|
lateral fissure
|
|
|
Apperceptive agnosia is usually related to damage in the
|
lateral occipital lobes
|
|
|
parvocellular layer
|
layer of neurons containing small cells
|
|
|
What does LAMB stand for?
|
Learning and Memory Battery
|
|
|
Which hemisphere is specialized for analyzing internal details of a stimulus?
|
left
|
|
|
What part of the brain is activated during verbal WM tasks?
|
Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
|
|
|
Neuropathological topography of Progressive Aphasia:
|
Left fronto–temporal
|
|
|
Digit span < spatial span when there may be a
|
Left hemisphere lesion
|
|
|
On visuocontruction tasks, when you see over–simplification of stimulus and lack of detail with general shape or outline retained, it is probably
|
left hemisphere signs
|
|
|
dressing apraxia may be related to
|
left neglect, simultanagnosia, or optic ataxia
|
|
|
Unilateral neglect, in addition to being a posterior parietal sign, can also be seen after
|
lesions to frontal lobes, cingulate gyrus, striatum, and thalamus
|
|
|
conversion of ATP into ADP (does what?)
|
liberates energy
|
|
|
orbitofrontal cortex
|
lies adjacent to the cavity containing the eye
|
|
|
Melokinetic apraxia =
|
limb–kinetic apraxia.
|
|
|
Abilities such as “implicit”, unconscious learning (e.g., new motor, perceptual, & cognitive skills), and intellectual function remain intact in
|
limbic amnesia syndrome.
|
|
|
long-term potentiation, synonym
|
long-term enhancement
|
|
|
form of memory postulates by Donald Broadbent in which information is assumed to be stored for longer than about 15 minutes
|
long-term memory
|
|
|
When its brain is injured in such a way that the hindbrain and spinal cord are still connected but both are disconnected from the rest of the brain, an animal is called
|
low decerebrate
|
|
|
drug that produces visual hallucinations, presumably by influencing the serotonin system
|
lysergic acid diethylamide
|
|
|
On the Hooper, patients with left–sided lesions tend to….
|
make more naming errors
|
|
|
disordered mental state of extreme excitement
|
mania
|
|
|
To assess divided attention
|
Manipulation/ tracking /dual–task (e.g., bwd spans)
|
|
|
Reduplicative Paramnesia, cause:
|
may be due to disturbed sense of familiarity rendering pt unable to associate/fuse present situation/stimulus with existing engram and so 2 parallel memories created.
|
|
|
On the clock test, patients with left–hemisphere damage
|
may be inattentive to right–side or have difficulty with sequencing
|
|
|
On RCFT, patients with right hemisphere damage
|
may omit elements altogether
|
|
|
On Block Design, in addition to problems with design orientation, distortion, misperception, and loss of overall configuration, patients with right hemisphere lesions
|
May work from right to left; fail to respect squared format of design; leave out left half or quadrant using less than full number of blocks.
|
|
|
sexual selection
|
mechanism of evolution in which the process of determining who mates with whom determines the characteristics of the offspring
|
|
|
sodium-potassium pump
|
mechanism that shunts sodium out of the cell and potassium into it
|
|
|
fissure that separates the two hemispheres
|
medial longitudinal fissure
|
|
|
Evidence from Korsakoff's patients suggests that the __________ is/are involved in global amnesia.
|
medial thalamus
|
|
|
What may result from the growth of germinal cells that infiltrate the cerebellum?
|
medulloblastoma
|
|
|
Different types of apraxia include:
|
melokinetic, ideomotor, ideational
|
|
|
Prospective memory
|
memory for future events, “remembering to remember” (time–based; event–based).
|
|
|
In addition to deficits in free recall involving strategic search, patients with prefrontal damage have deficits in
|
memory for temporal order of events and source memory
|
|
|
The hippocampal formation is primarily concerned with __
|
memory formation
|
|
|
semantic memory
|
memory of world knowledge that is stored independently of the time and place at which it was acquired
|
|
|
What does MTOA stand for?
|
Memory Test for Older Adults
|
|
|
Arithmetic (WMS–IV); Spatial addition (WMS–IV); Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) are…
|
Mental Manipulation/Tracking Tasks
|
|
|
This produces an intoxication with delusions of color and sound
|
mescaline
|
|
|
neglect dyslexia
|
misreading errors usually confined to a single half of the word
|
|
|
Which is more likely after left parietal damage?
|
more errors in Weigl's sorting test
|
|
|
On Object Assembly, L hemisphere patients
|
more likely to join pieces according to edge contours and to disregard internal details and relative sizes of pieces (such as the fingers on the hand)
|
|
|
The smallest meaningful units of a word are called _____
|
morphemes
|
|
|
occipital horns
|
most-posterior projections of the lateral ventricles
|
|
|
What else can help improve recognition for people with apperceptive visual agnosia?
|
motion of stimulus
|
|
|
In Luria's theory of cortical function, the frontal lobe is viewed as the ____
|
motor unit
|
|
|
nerve impulse
|
movement or propagation of an action potential along the length of an axon
|
|
|
Symbol Substitution Tests
|
Multi–faceted—measure visual scanning, sustained attention, visuomotor coordination and incidental learning in addition to processing speed
|
|
|
neuropeptides
|
multifunctional chains of amino acids that act as neurotransmitters
|
|
|
cortex, synonym
|
neocortex
|
|
|
Which anatomical structure is important in priming?
|
neocortical regions engaged by the task.
|
|
|
sensorimotor transformation
|
neural calculations that integrate the movements of the body with and the sensory feedback from those movements
|
|
|
it transports precursor chemicals for the synthesis of neurotransmitters?
|
neurofibrils
|
|
|
major tranquilizer is also referred to as
|
neuroleptic
|
|
|
these may act to keep certain neurons alive in adulthood
|
neurotrophic factors
|
|
|
neocortex
|
newest layer of the brain, forming the outer layer, or “new bark”
|
|
|
what is used to color neurons for microscopic examination
|
Nissl stain
|
|
|
Does the ability to draw a clock change a lot over life span?
|
no
|
|
|
damage to the frontal part of left hemisphere may result in (what kind of speech impairment
|
nonfluent aphasia
|
|
|
The Rey complex figure test is designed to assess ____
|
nonverbal memory
|
|
|
septum
|
nucleus in the limbic system that, when lesioned in rats, produces sham rage and abolishes the theta EEG waveform
|
|
|
Which visuocontruction test has the lowest correlation of all Wechsler subtests with general mental ability?
|
Object Assembly
|
|
|
Which visual function is a function of the dorsal stream regions?
|
object-directed grasping
|
|
|
The __________ lobe has the fewest interhemispheric connections.
|
occipital
|
|
|
Associative Visual Agnosia: in which areas of the brain is damage usually found?
|
Occipito–temporal region, in both gray and white matter.
|
|
|
Which sense has no crossed connections from the sense organ, and its interhemispheric connections are via the anterior commissure?
|
olfaction
|
|
|
Impaired __________ discrimination is found with damage to the orbital area of the frontal lobe.
|
olfactory
|
|
|
oligodendroglia, synonym
|
oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
How large is the part of the visual field that is usually affected by achromatopsia?
|
one half to one quarter.
|
|
|
According to Tulving, autonoetic awareness-which is compromised with some types of frontal lobe damage-is best described as consciousness of
|
oneself as a continuous entity through time.
|
|
|
organ of Corti
|
organ lying against the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct
|
|
|
it contains special sensory receptors for hearing and consists of neuroepithelial hair cells and several types of supporting cells
|
organ of Corti
|
|
|
organophosphate
|
organic ester of phosphoric or thiophosphoric acid
|
|
|
PASAT stands for
|
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
|
|
|
Attention and Information Processing Speed can be measured by these tests:
|
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT); Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT); CPT–II (Continuous Performance Test)
|
|
|
paleopallium is also called
|
paleocortex
|
|
|
can be used as a diagnostic indicator of tumors or other swellings in the brain
|
papilledema
|
|
|
paraplegia
|
paralysis of the legs due to spinal cord damage
|
|
|
a condition or phenomenon involving distorted memory or confusions of fact and fantasy, such as confabulation or déjà vu
|
paramnesia
|
|
|
a term for slight or incomplete paralysis
|
paresis
|
|
|
paleocortex
|
part of the cerebral cortex forming the pyriform cortex and parahippocampal gyrus
|
|
|
medulla oblongata
|
part of the hindbrain immediately rostral to the spinal cord
|
|
|
pars opercularis
|
part of the inferior frontal lobe adjacent to the parietal love and overhanging the insula
|
|
|
Capgras Syndrome is usually a result of
|
partial or recovering limbic lesion superimposed on FL damage, especially in right hemisphere.
|
|
|
What does the ARAS projection through thalamus facilitate?
|
Passage of sensory information, promoting cortical arousal.
|
|
|
median eminence
|
pathway connecting the two sides of the thalamus
|
|
|
Which is an example of a double dissociation for two areas of the cortex?
|
Patient A can read but not write after an injury to one region, while patient B can write but not read after an injury to the other region.
|
|
|
What do patients do in Symbol Span (WMS–IV)?
|
Patient views series of abstract designs (hard to verbalize) of increasing length, then must select correct designs from foils in correct sequences
|
|
|
Deficits in source memory and meta–memory are also characteristic in
|
patients with prefrontal damage.
|
|
|
In Brodmann's mapping system, areas 5 and 7 correspond to von Economo's area
|
PE
|
|
|
Which neurosurgeon is responsible for mapping the language areas of the human cortex through the use of electrical stimulation given to patients before surgery?
|
Penfield
|
|
|
leu-enkephalin
|
peptide neurotransmitter that produces some of the effects of opioid drugs
|
|
|
they form the consistent parts of proteins
|
peptides
|
|
|
Visual Angulation, definition
|
Perception of angular relationships
|
|
|
nocioperception
|
perception of unpleasant stimuli, touch, temperature or pressure
|
|
|
The __________ connects the hippocampus with the posterior neocortex
|
perforant pathway
|
|
|
Damage to ARAS can lead to
|
Permanent states of stupor and coma
|
|
|
limb-kinetic apraxia
|
person is unable to make voluntary movements in response to verbal commands
|
|
|
materialism
|
philosophical position that holds that behavior can be explained as a function of the nervous system without explanatory recourse to the mind
|
|
|
What are the 2 slave systems regulated by the central executive in WM?
|
Phonological loop; Visuospatial sketchpad
|
|
|
mescaline
|
poisonous alkaloid from the flowering heads of a Mexican cactus
|
|
|
Areas that function to combine characteristics of stimuli across different sensory modalities are called __
|
polymodal
|
|
|
ion
|
positively or negatively charged particle
|
|
|
Which lesions have worse outcomes for visual processing, anterior or posterior?
|
posterior
|
|
|
Selective attention (def. within attention topic)
|
preferential processing of some stimuli over others
|
|
|
The dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus projects to the region of the frontal lobe called the _____
|
prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
Memory process: Retrieval. Anatomy:
|
Prefrontal regions (R > L for episodic; L > R for semantic).
|
|
|
Neuropathological topography of FTD:
|
prefrontal/ anterior temporal
|
|
|
In addition to inability to follow through with task and need to redirect, what other behavioral observations are critical for the assessment of attention?
|
Preoccupation with other thoughts; irrelevant comments or actions; intrusions, perseveration of previous tasks, need to stimulate physically to re–capture attention.
|
|
|
Memory process: registration. Anatomy:
|
Primary sensory processing pathways.
|
|
|
The patient known as H.M. shows memory performance equal to that of normal control subjects in memory studies that include which manipulation?
|
priming
|
|
|
Subtraction errors on Brown–Peterson Technique (Auditory Consonant Trigrams, CCCs) are also indicative of
|
problems with tracking & self–monitoring
|
|
|
optic ataxia
|
problems with voluntary eye movements
|
|
|
Acquisition of motor skills with practice e.g., driving a car, riding a bike, mirror tracing
|
procedural learning
|
|
|
Different types of nondeclarative (implicit) memory include:
|
procedural learning, classical conditioning, evaluative learning, and priming.
|
|
|
Memory process: Encoding. Description:
|
Process by which info (auditory, visual, motor) is initially organized for immediate repetition or later recall
|
|
|
The temporal lobes are involved in ____
|
processing auditory input, visual object recognition, memory functions
|
|
|
paraphasia
|
production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases during speech
|
|
|
What does PAX stand for?
|
progressive apraxia.
|
|
|
What does PNFA stand for?
|
progressive non–fluent aphasia
|
|
|
In dementia with Lewy bodies, in addition to fluctuating cognition with variations in attention/ alertness/ arousal, you may see
|
Prominent visuoperceptual /constructional deficits on testing with frontal subcortical profile and reduced attention
|
|
|
organizational hypothesis
|
proposes that actions of hormones in the course of development alter tissue differentiation
|
|
|
If a patient can’t recognize even her own face in the mirror, you may suspect
|
prosopagnosia
|
|
|
transporter
|
protein molecule that pumps a substance across a membrane
|
|
|
nerve growth factor
|
protein that plays a role in maintaining the growth of a cell.
|
|
|
Reduplicative Paramnesia, definition:
|
Pt convinced that a person, place, or object exists in duplicate.
|
|
|
Capgras Syndrome
|
Pts have delusional belief that family members of friends are imposters. Confabulate to rationalize this belief.
|
|
|
Individuals with damage to area V1 can still receive visual input to higher levels, in part via a pathway involving the __________ nucleus of the thalamus
|
pulvinar
|
|
|
The language disorder known as "word deafness" falls under which of the headings of aphasic syndromes listed in the text?
|
pure aphasias
|
|
|
Patients with apperceptive visual agnosia may be better able to recognize
|
real objects than geometric shapes
|
|
|
memory for temporal order of events
|
recency judgments
|
|
|
source memory
|
recollection of context in which information was acquired.
|
|
|
neurohumoral
|
refers in general to the action of hormones on the brain
|
|
|
laterality
|
refers to the side of the brain that controls a given function
|
|
|
oval window
|
region in the inner ear where the ossicles amplify and convey vibrations that subsequently stimulate the basilar membrane
|
|
|
What is the role of prefrontal cortex in attention?
|
Regulates it in response to conscious volition/goals regardless of domain and modality.
|
|
|
What does RBANS stand for?
|
Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status
|
|
|
ipsilateral
|
residing in the same side of the body as the point of reference
|
|
|
The Wisconsin card-sorting test is most appropriate to evaluate _____
|
response inhibition
|
|
|
process by which previously learned information/skills are recalled, brought back to awareness (name the “memory process”)
|
retrieval (“remembering”)
|
|
|
What part of the brain is activated during spatial WM tasks?
|
Right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
|
|
|
On the clock test, including all numbers but having difficulties with spacing may be suggestive of
|
right hemisphere damage
|
|
|
Unilateral neglect occurs almost exclusively after
|
right hemisphere lesions
|
|
|
On visuocontruction tasks, when you see repetitive over–detailing, errors of symmetry, failure to recognize errors, failure to benefit from model or practise, working from right to left, left–sided inattention with omission of left side or piled up on right side, it is probably
|
right hemisphere signs
|
|
|
On the House Drawing test, struggling with roof line or flattening corner between front and side of house more likely to reflect
|
right than left hemisphere dysfunction
|
|
|
In order to present a visual stimulus to only the left hemisphere of a split-brain patient, the stimulus must be presented to the
|
right visual field only.
|
|
|
On drawing tests, patients have a tendency to draw on the ….. side of page as lesion
|
same
|
|
|
Abnormalities in the dopaminergic projection from the tegmentum to the prefrontal regions occur in ______
|
schizophrenia
|
|
|
Small blind spots resulting from small lesions in the visual field are known as
|
scotomas
|
|
|
What do attention processes involve?
|
Selecting relevant inputs and filtering out less relevant ones.
|
|
|
What is attention?
|
Selective allocation of finite information processing resources and response channels to events that are behaviourally relevant
|
|
|
If you notice a gradual reduction of vocabulary; use high frequency terms (thing, boy); speech is fluent and well articulated; no phonological or syntactic errors, you may suspect
|
semantic dementia.
|
|
|
According to Ross, which type of aprosodia is marked by deficits in prosodic repetition, prosodic comprehension, and comprehension of emotional gesturing?
|
sensory
|
|
|
In terms of visual processing skills, lesions in left hemisphere can result in
|
sequencing errors, oversimplification of stimulus, and lack of detail, with general shape or outline retained, may be greater distortion in right half of drawing
|
|
|
On visuocontruction tasks, left hemisphere signs include (among others)
|
Sequencing errors; Greater distortion in right half of construction
|
|
|
transient global amnesia
|
short-lived neurological disturbance characterized by memory loss; may result from transient episodes of ischemia.
|
|
|
On RCFT, patients with frontal lesions
|
show problems with repetition/perseveration of elements and disorganization
|
|
|
Visual Analysis and Synthesis includes
|
simple and more complex visual discriminations; separating figure from ground.
|
|
|
Deficits observed in interpretation of action pictures or HVOT may be indicative of
|
simultanagnosia.
|
|
|
serial lesion effect
|
slowly acquired lesions have less severe symptoms than lesions acquired at once
|
|
|
lysosome
|
small body containing digestive enzymes seen with the use of an electron microscope in many types of cells
|
|
|
subdivision of the peripheral nervous system
|
somatic nervous system
|
|
|
Node of Ranvier
|
Space separating the Schwann cells that form the covering (or myeline) on a nerve axon.
|
|
|
To assess basic attention/ WM capacity
|
Span tasks
|
|
|
Requires both maintenance (“visual sketchpad”) and manipulation (“central executive”) aspects of spatial WM, as well as ability to ignore distractors (“central executive”)
|
Spatial Addition (WMS IV)
|
|
|
According to McBurney and colleagues, women excel men at
|
spatial memory
|
|
|
Which span task has a larger age effect than digit span?
|
Spatial span
|
|
|
The close anatomical relationship between the parietal lobe and the prefrontal cortex is thought to be related to ____
|
spatially guided behavior
|
|
|
oligodendrocytes
|
specialized support, or glial, cells in the brain that form a covering of myelin on nerve cells to speed the nerve impulse
|
|
|
__ bring information to an area of the cortex and terminate in relatively discrete cortical regions.
|
Specific afferents
|
|
|
If the left carotid artery is injected with an anesthetic drug, within a few seconds
|
speech will probably be interrupted.
|
|
|
What are the oral subtests of WAB–R?
|
Spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, repetition, naming.
|
|
|
afference theory
|
states that all behavior is driven by sensory events
|
|
|
In terms of visual processing skills, right hemisphere is dominant for
|
storage of visuospatial information, perception of depth, distance, direction, shape, orientation, position, perspective, and figure–ground
|
|
|
The following anatomic structures –– medial temporal lobe, hippocampal formation, limbic structures – are particularly important for which memory process?
|
storage/ consolidation.
|
|
|
According to Ledoux (2000), in an emotionally arousing situation, the amygdala initiates each of the following reactions
|
stress hormone release, emotional behavior, autonomic activation
|
|
|
Another name for the primary visual cortex
|
striate cortex
|
|
|
neural tube
|
structure in the early stage of brain development from which the brain and spinal cord develop
|
|
|
semantics
|
study of meaning in language
|
|
|
___ are reciprocal feedback loops that play some role in amplifying or modulating cortical activity.
|
Subcortical loops
|
|
|
What does dorsal (occipitoparietal) visual processing system do?
|
subserves appreciation of spatial relationships (“where”)
|
|
|
What does ventral occipitotemporal visual processing system do?
|
subserves object recognition (“what”)
|
|
|
invariance hypothesis
|
suggests that the structure of each cerebral hemisphere ensures that the hemisphere will develop a set of specialized functions
|
|
|
periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
|
surrounds the cerebral aqueduct responsible for a number of complex responses to pain stimuli, including behavioral activation and emotional responses.
|
|
|
Stroop test is an example of a test that assesses
|
Sustained attention (concentration)
|
|
|
papilledema
|
swelling of the optic disc caused by increased pressure from cerebrospinal fluid
|
|
|
SDMT stands for
|
Symbol Digit Modalities Test
|
|
|
Visual analog of WAIS–IV digit span
|
Symbol span (WMS–IV)
|
|
|
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
|
synthetic, psychoactive drug chemically similar to the stimulant methamphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline
|
|
|
In what modalities can patients with associative visual agnosia recognize objects?
|
tactile and auditory
|
|
|
On RCFT, patients with brain dysfunction
|
take a more fragmented approach (lose overall configuration of design)
|
|
|
Slowed processing speed is particularly prominent after
|
TBI (due to diffuse axonal injury) and diseases that affect subcortical white matter, such as MS and Parkinson’s disease
|
|
|
Brodmann's areas 20, 21, 37, and 38 are often referred to collectively as __, as designated by von Economo
|
TE
|
|
|
Electrical stimulation of the ____ has produced deja vu experiences and dreaming states in patients.
|
temporal lobe
|
|
|
______ is mediated by the prefrontal cortex and involves the recollection of recent events and their order.
|
temporal memory
|
|
|
In classic limbic amnesia syndrome, retrograde amnesia is
|
temporally graded (amnesia for unconsolidated info)
|
|
|
working (short–term) memory, definition
|
Temporary storage of a limited amount of information in mind for execution of a goal or intention (learning, problem–solving, preparation for action)
|
|
|
What do Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Exam and Boston Naming Test a test of?
|
Test of Language
|
|
|
What does TOMM stand for?
|
Test of Memory Malingering
|
|
|
BVMT–R, CVLT–2, LAMB, MTOA, are all the tests of…
|
Tests of Learning and Memory
|
|
|
Where does one of the two major upstream projections of ARAS pass through?
|
thalamus
|
|
|
The term "corollary discharge" explains which frontal lobe phenomenon?
|
that we do not perceive movement in the environment when we move our eyes
|
|
|
In vision, what role do association cortices in occipital, posterior temporal and parietal areas play?
|
that’s where visual info combines with input from other sensory modalities and integrates with other cognitive functions
|
|
|
Hypergraphia, hypermoralism, and sense of personal destiny are all characteristics of ______
|
the "temporal lobe" personality
|
|
|
Preilowski (1975) performed an experiment in which he required commissurized patients to draw a diagonal line using the popular children's toy Etch-a-Sketch. What was being tested in this experiment?
|
the ability to use both hands in concert
|
|
|
According to contemporary views, to add one structure to the original idea of Papez, which brain structure should be included in the "limbic system"?
|
the amygdala
|
|
|
In the model by Haxby, Hoffman, and Gobbini (2000) of the distributed human neural system for face perception, which brain region is responsible for perceiving the personal identity of the individual who is being viewed?
|
the anterior temporal cortex
|
|
|
Geschwind hypothesized that individuals who show right-hand apraxia have damage to which region or regions of the brain?
|
the area that connects language areas and the motor cortex in the left hemisphere
|
|
|
Which brain region is NOT a site from which the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex receives inputs?
|
the cerebellum
|
|
|
the reason why a new action potential cannot be elicited during the absolutely refractory period
|
the closing of the gate 2 of voltage-sensitive sodium channels
|
|
|
Poor working memory as a result of frontal lobe damage is usually because of damage in _____
|
the dorsolateral cortex
|
|
|
Which is true of the anatomical differences between the hemispheres?
|
The frontal operculum is larger in the left hemisphere.
|
|
|
Which is a good way to test for implicit priming of memory?
|
the Gollin test
|
|
|
Both Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus are components of which brain structurethat is crucial to learning and memory?
|
the hippocampus
|
|
|
nerve-net hypothesis
|
the idea that the brain is composed of a continuous network of interconnected fibers
|
|
|
Which is NOT one of the symptoms associated with Balint's syndrome?
|
the inability to name colors
|
|
|
The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has demonstrated that there is a functional connection in the brain between the language areas and which region that becomes active when a person produces speech?
|
the insula
|
|
|
Which region of the brain is associated with object analysis?
|
the lateral occipital
|
|
|
Damage to ______ is associated with altered sexual behavior.
|
the orbital prefrontal area
|
|
|
Risk-taking behavior, particularly on tasks that involve gambling, has been shown to be influenced by which portion of the prefrontal cortex?
|
the orbitofrontal cortex
|
|
|
In basic neutoanatomy for vision, the visual signal enters the retina and then projects through the optic radiations to the thalamus and then to…
|
the primary visual cortex
|
|
|
If you notice that a patient fails to direct attention to space to the left of midline, you may suspect lesion to
|
the right hemisphere
|
|
|
Doubling of Heschl's gyrus is typically seen in what hemisphere?
|
in the right one
|
|
|
Which hemisphere is dominant for spatial attention?
|
the right one
|
|
|
sagittal fissure is also known as
|
the sagittal fissure
|
|
|
Which area in the temporal lobe is responsible for cross-modal matching, the ability to associate stimuli from two or more sensory modalities as emanating from the same source (e.g., the physical appearance of a dog and the sound of its bark)?
|
the superior temporal sulcus
|
|
|
Milner and Goodale propose that the dorsal stream of visual processing is important for ___
|
the visual control of action
|
|
|
Mishkin experimentally demonstrated the veracity of Geschwind's hypothesis regarding an individual's ability to determine the "emotional significance" of stimuli in the environment. Mishkin showed that this ability can be disrupted by disconnecting which two brain regions?
|
the visual system and the amygdala
|
|
|
Wernicke-Geschwind model
|
theoretical model of the neurological organization of language in which there is a serial passage of information from the auditory cortex to the posterior speech zone to the anterior speech zone
|
|
|
An imaging study done by Damasio et al. (1996) demonstrated that
|
there are separate regions in the temporal lobe for the storage of different categories of information.
|
|
|
What kind of patients show impaired procedural learning?
|
Those with Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
|
|
|
meninges
|
three layers of protective tissue – the dura matter, arachnoid, and pia matter – that encase the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
Disturbances in __________ typically occur only after bilateral frontal lobe damage.
|
time orientation
|
|
|
necrosis
|
tissue death, usually as individual cells, groups of cells, or in small localized areas.
|
|
|
Lesions to which hemisphere produce most severe deficits in visual processing?
|
to the right
|
|
|
These are language tests.
|
Token Test; FAS & Animal Fluency (Controlled Oral Word Association Test)
|
|
|
What is the role of frontal lobes in attention?
|
Top–down regulation: conscious direction, control of attention.
|
|
|
short-lived condition of inadequate blood supply to a brain area
|
transient ischemia
|
|
|
synthesis of a polypeptide with the use of a messenger RNA as a template
|
translation
|
|
|
paired helical filaments
|
two spiral filaments made of chains of amino acids
|
|
|
The task to test for simultaneous extinction presents
|
two tactile stimuli simultaneously.
|
|
|
Iconic or echoic memory
|
ultra STM, residual of sensory–perceptual processing, msecs
|
|
|
Which of the following usually shows a right-ear advantage?
|
understanding backward speech
|
|
|
A domain–specific impairment of spatial attention in which individual fails to direct attention to space to the left of midline (“relative leftness”).
|
Unilateral neglect.
|
|
|
noradrenergic neuron
|
uses norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter
|
|
|
The area of the visual cortex that receives the largest input from the lateral geniculate nucleus is
|
V1
|
|
|
Individuals who lose their ability to see color because of brain damage have selective damage to area
|
V4
|
|
|
Spatial span (in WMS–III) is a
|
Variant of Corsi Block–Tapping task
|
|
|
Defective performance in __________ is more likely following left, rather than right, frontal lobe damage.
|
verbal fluency
|
|
|
The lowest layer of the cerebral cortex is given the Roman numeral __
|
VI
|
|
|
What do patients do in Spatial Addition (WMS–IV)?
|
views pattern of blue and red circles on a grid; then shown a second pattern on the grid; must “add” 2 images together, placing white circle in a location occupied by a blue circle on both grids, blue circle in location occupied by a blue circle on only 1 grid, and ignoring red circles.
|
|
|
To assess sustained attention (concentration)
|
Vigilance tests
|
|
|
Sustained attention
|
vigilance; maintaining attention on a given stimulus over time without habituating
|
|
|
pantropic viruses
|
viruses that attack any body tissue
|
|
|
Bilateral anterior lobectomy in monkeys (and in at least one case, humans) produces a syndrome that includes __________.
|
visual agnosia, inappropriate sexual object choice, tameness
|
|
|
Integration of separate elements of a complex stimulus array into a meaningful whole is a part of what processes?
|
visual analysis and synthesis
|
|
|
A patient who loses the ability to copy a drawing of an object, but can draw that object from memory, is demonstrating
|
visual form agnosia
|
|
|
Name two visuoperceptual deficits:
|
Visual object agnosia; defective visual analysis and synthesis
|
|
|
Describe associative visual agnosia
|
visual object recognition impaired in the context of preserved ability to copy or match the stimuli
|
|
|
A test that requires a patient to fill in missing elements, 2) organize fragmented elements into a whole percept or 3) impose structure onto ambiguous stimuli or those lacking inherent organization is likely a test of….
|
visual organization
|
|
|
What do Cancellation tasks, Clock, Hooper Visual Organization and Embedded Figures tests measure?
|
Visual Perceptual Abilities
|
|
|
What is visuospatial sketchpad?
|
Visual WM
|
|
|
When you see defective assembly and drawing, you may suspect …
|
visuoconstructive deficits.
|
|
|
Impairment in discrimination and recognition of faces; impaired colour recognition (are what kind of deficit?)
|
are visuoperceptual deficits
|
|
|
What kind of visual processing skills are “Visual analysis and synthesis”?
|
visuoperceptual
|
|
|
According to Benton & Tranel, visual processing skills can be classified into which categories?
|
Visuoperceptual, visuospatial, and visuoconstructive.
|
|
|
Visual inattention / Unilateral visual neglect; Balint’s syndrome (are what kind of deficit?)
|
visuospatial
|
|
|
To test of Visual Perceptual Abilities, you can also use…
|
VMI, RCFT, Parietal Lobe Battery, Judgment of Line Orientation
|
|
|
The developmental failure of __ neuron has been proposed to be associated with autism.
|
von Economo
|
|
|
another was to refer to “incentive-sensitization theory
|
wanting-and-liking theory
|
|
|
What does WMS–IV stand for? |
Wechsler Memory Scale Four |
|
|
Remote memory
|
well–consolidated information that no longer depends on hippocampus for reconstitution
|
|
|
What does WAB–R stand for?
|
Western Aphasia Battery Revised.
|
|
|
neotony
|
when newly developed species resemble the young of their ancestors.
|
|
|
Damasio's somatic marker hypothesis of emotion is strongly influenced by the early psychologist __________.
|
William James
|
|
|
What does WCST stand for?
|
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
|
|
|
On Block Design, patients with left hemisphere lesions may be able to achieve normal scores
|
with additional time
|
|
|
What does frontal lobe damage primarily affect?
|
WM
|
|
|
These are also tests of learning and memory
|
WMS–IV, TOMM, WMT.
|
|
|
Main symptoms of semantic dementia:
|
word finding difficulties; impaired knowledge of word meaning.
|
|
|
What does WMT stand for?
|
Word Memory Test
|
|
|
this is primarily an attentional function mediated by dorsolateral prefrontal (and posterior parietal) cortex
|
working (short–term) memory
|
|
|
What can be thought of as an intermediate stage between attention and memory?
|
Working memory can be thought of as an interface between these two.
|
|
|
paragraphia
|
writing of incorrect words or perseveration in writing the same word
|
|
|
Is the clock test a good screening measure for brain dysfunction?
|
yes
|
|
|
intentional destruction or removal of parts of the brain or spinal cord; brain lesion
|
ablation
|
|
|
temporary loss of consciousness in some forms of epilepsy
|
absence attack
|
|
|
Blobs in the cerebral cortex have a role in __
|
color perception
|
|
|
macular sparing
|
condition in which the central region of the visual field is not lost, even though temporal and nasal visual fields are lost
|
|
|
afferent
|
conducting toward the central nervous system or toward its higher centers
|
|
|
Attention and Information Processing Speed can be tested with
|
CTIP (Computerized Test of Information Processing)
|
|
|
priming
|
Facilitation in processing a stimulus (faster response time, greater accuracy, less cuing required) as a result of a recent encounter with the same stimulus (in absence of conscious recollection)
|
|
|
affect
|
Freudian term for the feeling of pleasantness or unpleasantness evoked by a stimuli
|
|
|
nonfluent aphasia
|
impairment characterized by difficulty articulating words
|
|
|
Attention
|
is a prerequisite for all higher cognitive/ intellectual activity?
|
|
|
Deficits in attention…
|
is the most prominent feature in delirium
|
|
|
A modern version of the "left for language" theory of cortical organization was developed by __________.
|
Lenneberg/Kimura
|
|
|
disconnection of the motor program from language may result in
|
limb-kinetic apraxia
|
|
|
term coined by Paul Broca to refer to the structures between the brainstem and the telencephalone
|
limbic lobe
|
|
|
What does LTP stand for?
|
long-term potentiation
|
|
|
afferent paresis
|
loss of kinesthetic feedback that results from lesions to the postcentral gyrus and produces clumsy movements
|
|
|
anterior commissure connects what (on each side of the brain)?
|
medial temporal cortex and amygdala
|
|
|
a major somatosensory submodality
|
nocioperception
|
|
|
They have lots of voltage-sensitive ion channels and accelerate the propagation of nerve impulses
|
nodes of Ranvier
|
|
|
Behavioral changes similar to those of low decerebrate animals are also seen in
|
people who enter a persistent vegetative state (PVS)
|
|
|
What depends on the integrity of the amygdala?
|
perception of emotional significance of stimuli
|
|
|
left hemisphere damage may be suspected if you observe
|
perseverative errors on the clock test
|
|
|
In men, compared to women, apraxia is more likely to be caused by damage to the ____ of the brain.
|
posterior left hemisphere
|
|
|
Neuropathological topography of semantic dementia:
|
predominantely temporal.
|
|
|
mass-action hypothesis
|
proposes that the entire neocortex participates in every behavior
|
|
|
With a right hemisphere lesion, you may observe
|
Spatial span < digit span
|
|
|
Swadish based his hypothesis about the origins of human language on
|
the rate of change of dialects.
|
|
|
The tachistoscope is often used to test subjects with respect to __________.
|
vision |
