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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Historian
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Study written records of the past
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Geographers
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Study the earth and its features
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Topography
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Physical land features
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Political Maps
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Show countries and their borders
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Physical Maps
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show the topography of a place
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Economists
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Study how socities use their resources
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Anthropologists
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Study human culture
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Archaeologists
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Study the culture of past societies by analysis of physical remains
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Primary Source
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first hand account of a historical event
autobriographis, photos, letters, journals |
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Secondary Source
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second hand account of a historical event
textbooks, newspapers encyclopedias |
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Agriculture
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farming
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domesticate
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raise animals for food
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nomads
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people who wander from place to place
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food surplus
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having a steady supply of food
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civilization
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complex and highly organized society that includes government, social classes, job specialization, food surplus, writing and religion
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Neolithic Revolution
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the change from hunting and gathering to argiculture
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River valley
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low area of land next to rivers
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irrigated
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method of watering crops
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silt
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help creat fertle land
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Egypt
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Country in North Africa, the Nile is the major river, developed hieroglyphics, pyramids and Pharaohs
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Mesopotamia
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Middel East; Tigris/Euphrates Rivers, Cuneiform, Code of Hammurabi
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Harappan
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India, Indus, organized cities
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China
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Asia, Yellow and Yangtze River, natural boundries,
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Greece
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Peninsula; south east part of Europe, Athens, Sparta, citiy states
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Athens
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direct democracy
philosophy |
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Polytheistic
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belief in many gods
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Alexander the Great
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Conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia, and parts of India.
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Hellenstic culture
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Greek culture
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Rome
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Peninsuloa of Italy, central Europe
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12 Tables
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Writeen laws that stated the rules of behavior
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Pax Romana
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Roman Peace. 200 years of Rome
Guilded age |
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Maurya Dynasty
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India
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Asoka
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Known for his kind treatment of people; religious tolerance
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Gupa Dynasty
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India, Golden Age of India
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Caste System
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social hierarchy of India in which people were born into a social class.
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Brahmins
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priests
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Kshatriyas
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warriors
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Vaisyas
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merchants and artisans
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Sudras
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laborers
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Untouchables
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lowest people in society
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Qin Dynasty
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China, 15 years
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Legalism
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humans are evil and hards punishments are needed to keep order in society
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Han Dynasty
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China, 400 years
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Civil Service
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government positions were given only to skilled people who passed difficult exams.
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Silk Road
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4000 miles of trading route
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Cultural Diffusion
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Exchange of ideas, culture and goods
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Hinduism
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Ancient polytheistic religion in India that followed the caste system
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Buddhism
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Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, No god, goal was to achieve Nirvana
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Reincarnation
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after humans die, their soul is reborn
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Karma
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good and bad deeds people perform in their lives
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Four Nobel Truths
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all life is suffering caused by our selfish desires
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8 Fold Path
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code of behavior followed by Buddhists
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Confucianism
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five reltionships are important to keep society in order
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Filial Piety
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honor and respect for elders and family
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Byzantine Empire
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Eastern portion of the Roman Empire
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Constantinople
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Capital city of the Byzantine Empire; good trade location
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Eastern Orthodox Religion
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Christianity that was practiced by the Byzantine Empire
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Justinian Code
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System of laws created by Emperior Justinian; adopted by many western nations
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Code of Hammurabi
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written legal code of Babylong
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Islam
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Monothestic religion; Muslims; founder Mohammad
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Koran
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Holy book of Islam
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Five Pillars
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Moral duties of Muslims
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Mohammad
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570-632AD; founder of Islam; prophet
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Feudalism
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political system of the Middle Ages in which kings throughout Europe gave land away to nobles in return for their loyalty and military service
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Manoralism
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Middle Ages; people lived on manors
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Serfs
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peasants that could not leave the land and performed farm labor for the noble
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Roman Catholic Church
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Church led by the pope; Rome
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Crusades
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Religious wars of the Middle Ages in which Christians From Europe fought to regain control of the Holy Land From Muslims
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Tang Dynasty
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China; accomplishments gunpowder, compass, block printing, porcelain
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Song Dynasty
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China; long distance trade on Silk Road; civil service exams
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Japan
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archipelago in Asia
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Terrace Farming
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carved flat areas into mountains in order to grow crops.
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Shinto
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Japanese religion; all living things have a soul
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Shogun
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Japanese military general
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Daimyo
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Wealthy nobles who were given land by the Emperor in return for loyalty
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Samurai
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Japanese warriors
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Bushido
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code of conduct followed by the Samurai
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Africa
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Largest continent; diverse geography
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Animism
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traditional religion; all things have a soul
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Bantu Migrations
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500 BC - 1500 AD largest movement of people in history, cultural diffusion, iron technology, agricultural techniques
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West African Civilizations
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Mali, Ghana, Sohnhai - located along the Trans Saharan trade routes, became weathy by the gold and salt trade
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Mansa Musa
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Ruler of Mali, pilgrimage to Mecca, turned Timbucktu into a center of Islamic Learning and trade
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Steppes
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large grassy plain in Asia
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Mongols
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people who lived on the steppes of Asia, nomadic, pastoralists,
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Marco Polo
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Italian trader who lived in China for 20 years and was an advisor Genghis Khan. wrote of his experiences
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Genghis Khan
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ruler of the Mongols who united clans to conquer China, Central Asia and Russia
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Black Death
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major desise - bubonic plague that killed 25 million people in the Middle Ages
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Renaissance
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Golden Age of Western Europe, Rebirth
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Humanism
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focus on humans and life on earth instead of on God and Heaven
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Niccol Machiavelli
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Wrote a book called the Prince. Rulers must have absolute power and do whatever is necessary to say in power.
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Protestant Reformation
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religious revolution that challenged the Catholic Church and led to the division of Christianity
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Martin Luther
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German mon who created the 95 Thesis arguments against the sale of indulgences
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Henry VII
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King of England who separated from the Catholic Church because he wanted a divorce from his wife and the church would not allow it. Started the Church of England
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John Calvin
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Swiss church reformer who belived in predestination, which is the idea that God already knows who will be punished and who will be saved.
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Johannes Gutenbert
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Invented the printing press
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Maya
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lived in the lowland region of Meso America (central Ameria)
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Aztec
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Lived in meso america and built a large empire, developed a writing system and calendar
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Inca
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Lived in the Andes mountains of present day Peru
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Machu Picchu
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Famous ancient city of the Inca
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Age of Exploration
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Period of Europen exploration of the globe
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Merchantilism
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idea that colonies existed for the perupose of the Mother Country
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Triangular Trade
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trade route taken by Euopeans in the Atlantic Ocean
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Columbian Exchange
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exchange of people, plants animals, ideas, and technology between the old world and the new world.
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Commercial Revoltion
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new forms of bsiness that were introduced durng the Age of exploration.
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Joint Stock Companies
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investors would combine monety to help pay for trading projects
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Captialism
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Form of business in which profits from one project are reinvested in another to make more profits.
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Ibn Battuta
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Muslim who traved 75,000 miles and wrote about his travels to Africa, Asia and Europe
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Zhen He
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Chinese explorer of the Ming Dynasty
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Absolutism
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period of European History when nations were governed by absolute monarchs
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Monarch
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Kings
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Peter the Great
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Russian czar who westernized his nation
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Louis XIV
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absolute monarch of France
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Sueliman the Mangnificant
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Monarch of the Ottoman Empire
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Scientific Revolution
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sudden and drastic change in how people viewed the world. science and reson used to explain how the world worked
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Copernicus
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Astronomer who developed the Heliocentric Theory
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Heliocentric Theory
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idea that the planet revolve around the sn
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Galileo
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Astronomer who proved that Corpernicus was correct. Excommunicated by Catholic Church for his views.
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Isaac Newton
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Mathematician who developed calculus and theory of gravity
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Johannes Kepler
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Astronmer who discoved how planet move
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Enlightenment
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Period in European History when reason was ued to understand and improve society. Age of Reason
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John Locke
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all people have natural rights; right to revolution is those rights are denied
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Baron de Montesquieu
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Three branches of government so no one became to powerful
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Voltaire
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everyone entitled to freedom
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Rousseau
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society should be governed by a social contract between government and people.
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Glorious Revolution
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People of England successfully limited the power of the monarch
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Magna Carta
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document that shared power with parliment and the king
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English Bill of Rights
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specific rights to people
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Habeas Corpus
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you must be charged with a crime order for the government to put you in prision
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French Revolution
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Revolution in France to give poltial power to people; inspired by the Enlightenment
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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document written druing the French Revolution that gave equal rights to men of France
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Reign of Terror
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event where the leaders of the French Revolution executed people they believed were loyal to the King
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Jacobins
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radical group that led the Reign of Terror
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Louis XVI
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executed king of the French Revolution
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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ruler who came to power at the end fo the French Revolution; expanded French Territory
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Nationalism
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pride in one's nation; cultural identity
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Peninsulares
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people born in Spain but lived in Latin America
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Creoles
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Europeans born in Latin America
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Mestizos
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Mixed Europan and Native Americans
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Mullatos
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Mixed European and Black
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Simon Bolivar
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Venazualan general who started the Latin American Revolutioj
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Jose De San Martin
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teamed up with Bolivar to create a revolution
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Miguel Hidalgo
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Mexican Priest who started the Mexican Revolution to gain independance from Spain
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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Hatian slave who own his freedom; started a Revolution in Haiti to win freedom fro slaves from France
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Industrial Revolution
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change from producing goods by hand to producing goods with machines in factories.
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Urbanization
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Growth of cities
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Laissez Faire Capitalism
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Market Economy. Goverment had no regulation of business
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Karl Marx
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German who wrote the Communist Manifesto about class struggles
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Bourgeoise
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wealthy upper class in European society
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Proletariat
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working class who wanted a new society where work and wealth was shared equally by everyone
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Nationalism
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love, loyalty and devotions to one's country
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Unification of Itay
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successful combining of Italy's city sates
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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nationalist of Italy who helped unify the country
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Giuseppe Mazzini
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helped unify Italy
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Camillo di Cavour
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helped unity Italy
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Potato Famine
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1 million people in Ireland straved due to the faliure of the potato crop.
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Imperialism
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strong country conqueres a weaker country
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Natural Resources
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resources that are found in the earth like coal or iron
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White Man's Burden
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Racist peom that encouraged Europeans to civilize the people of developing nations.
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Social Darwinism
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it was natural for strong countries to take over weak ones
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Scramble for Africa
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90% of Africa taken over by European countries.
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Opium Wars
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England smuggling opium to China; Chian fights back and loses because of inferior military technology
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Spehers of Influence
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trade was controlled by different European nations
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Sepoy Mutiny
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Rebellion by Indian soliders to protest religious practices
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Boxer Rebellion
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Chinese tried to get rid of British influence in China
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Commodore Matthew Perry
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US diplomat who negociated a treaty with Japan
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Westernization
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when a nation adopts the culture and practices of Western Euopean countries.
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Militarism
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build up of armies and supplies
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Alliances
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Countries of Europe alligned themselves with nations in order to prepare for war.
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Treaty of Versailles
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Treaty that ended World War I
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Russian Revolution
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Russian people unhappy with their czar and government corruption
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Czar Nicholas I
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czar of Russia; abused his power and took away peoples' rights
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Bolsheviks
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Radical groups that led the Russian Revolution
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Peace, Land and Bread
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Slogan of the Russian Revolution
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Kemel Ataturk
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First president of Turkey; Nationalist who modernized and westernized Turkey
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Democracy
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government with the imput of the people
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Zionism
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advocated for the created of a Jewish homeland in Palestine
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Jerusalem
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The Holy Land; imporant place for all religions
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Mohandas Gandhi
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Indian national who advocated for non violent resistance to British goverment
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Salt March
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Famous event where Gandhi protested British taxes on salt by leading a peaceful march to the sea to make his own salt
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Boycott
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to stop buying or usuing British Goods
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Totalitarian dictatorship
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a dictator with total control of government and society
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Joseph Stalin
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Leader of the USSR during world war II
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Censorship
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Government strictly controld the media of their nation
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Propaganda
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Messages used to influence the way people think and behave
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Command Economy
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economic system where the government owns business, makes decisions and sets prices.
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Five Year Plan
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Stalin's economic plan for the Soviet Union to set goals for the nation every five years.
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Collective Farms
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Farms that were owned by the government.
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Rape of Nanking
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Brutal event in which the Japanese raped andkilled Chinese civilians in the city of Nanking.
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League of Nations
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Interanational organization that was created after WWI to prevent wars.
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Appeasement
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Policy of giving agressive nations what they want to avoid war.
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Munich Conference
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Great Britain met with Hitler and appeased him by giving him Czechoslovakia.
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Invasion of Poland
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1939- Germany invades Poland. Britain and France come to Poland's aid and WWII Begins.
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Pearl Harbor
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1941 -Japan launched a suprise attack on US naval base in Hawaii
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Battle of Stalingrad
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Russian battle that showed Hitler that he would not be able to conquer the Soviet Union.
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D Day Invasion
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Beginning of the final Allied push against Germany.
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Atomic Bomb
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Developed during the Manhattan Project. Bombs droped on Hiroshimia and Nagaski. The final battle of World War II.
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Holocaust
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Nazis killed 12 million people in an attempt to creat the perfect race.
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United Nations
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Organization created in order to prevent future wars, combat disease and poverty.
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Nurembuerg Trials
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Court case where the surviving Nazis who helped Hitler carry out the Holocaust were put on trial.
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Iron Curtain
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Term used by Winston Churchill to describe the imaginary line dividing the democratic countryies of Western Europe and communist countries of Eastern Europe.
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Containment
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US policy of aiding countries that wanted to resist communism.
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Truman Doctrine
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Policy of containment where the US sent monety to Turkety and Greece to stop communism.
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Marshall Plan
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US Gave 13 billion dollars to countries of Western Eurpe to help them rebuild after WWII.
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Berlin Wall
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Concrete wall built by the communists around the city of West erlin to prevent people in East Germany going to the West.
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Berlin Airlift
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Event in which the US, Britain and France airlifted supplies and food to West Berlin after Stalin set a blockade.
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Military alliance between US, Canada and Western Europe.
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Warsaw Pact
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Military alliance between Soviet Union and communist countries of Eastern Europe.
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Hungarian Revolution
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1956 - attempt to break away from the Soviet Union. They failied.
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Arms Race
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US and Soviet Union competed to build up the largest supply of nuclear weapons.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Began when the US discoverd that the Soviet Union was building missil bases in Cuba.
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Eurpean Union
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27 European countries that work toward increasing trade.
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OPEC
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. created to determine the price and prodeuction of oil.
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Mao Zedong
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First communist leader of China who gained the support of the peasents.
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Great Leap Forward
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Mao's attempt to modernize China.
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Cultural Revolution
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Period in China where used violent young communist soldiers to eliminate all of the opposition.
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Red Guard
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Communist soldiers who terrorized China during the cultural revolution.
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Deng Xioping
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Ruler of China after Mao. Changed the economic system from a command economy to market economy with restrictions.
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Market Economy
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Economic system where free enterprise and captialism are the way to distribute goods and services.
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Tiananmen Square
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Series of peaceful protests in 1989 where Chinese students were arrested and killed by Chinese army.
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Mohandas Gandhi
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Indian national whose non violent protests helped India win its freedom from Britian.
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Non-alignment
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Neutrality during the Cold War
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Decolonization
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the process by which former European colonies got their independance.
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Jomo Kenyatta
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Kenya national who helped get independance.
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Kwame Nkrumah
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Ghana national who helped gain independance.
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Apartheid
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System of racial segration in South Africa.
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Nelson Mandela
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South African national who was imprisioned for 27 years for protesting aparthied. Became the first black president of South Africa.
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Rwanda
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Ethnic conflice between Hutus and Tutsis tribes that led to genocide.
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Ho Chi Minh
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Nationalist leader who led a war gains France to gain independence for Vietnam.
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Vietnam War
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War with France then the US in order to contain communism. After the war Vietnam became a united communist country.
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Pol Pot
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Leader of the Khamer Rouge and ruller of Cambodia from 1976-1979. Brutal dictator who denied his people human rights and committed genocide.
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Creation of Israel
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Interantional community decided to create the nation of Israel for Jewish people after WW II.
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Islamic Fundamentalism
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The belief that governments should create societies that are based on the rules of Islaml.
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Iranian Revolution
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1979 - Overthrow of the dictator to form a theoracy in Iran.
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Shah of Iran
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Iranian leader who had the support of the US during the Iranian revolution.
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Theocracy
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Nation ruled by religious leaders and law.
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Religious leader who came to power after the Shah was overthrown.
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Taliban
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Islamic group that ruled Afghanistan from 1996-2001. Strict adhereence to Sharia Law (Islamic Law)
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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Leader of the Soviet Union who helped bring about the end of Communism.
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Prestroika
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Program that Gorbachev supported to change the economy of the Soviet Union.
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Glasnost
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Program in Soviet Union that allowed freedom of speech.
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Boris Yeltsin
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First democratically elected president in the history of Russia.
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Destruction of the Berlin Wall
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East German symbol of the cold war was torn down. Offical end of communismt.
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Traditional Economy
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Based on the barter system of trade and subsistance farming.
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Ozone Layer
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small layer of gases in the atmosphere that absorbs the sun's ultra violet rays and protects us.
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Acid Rain
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contains chemicals due to pollution
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Deforestation
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Elimination of rainforests in Brazil, Costa Rica and Congo
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Desertifcation
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change from fertile land to desert.
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Greenhouse Effect
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trapping of war air in the atmosphere that leads to global warming.
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Green Revolution
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Use of technology to increase the food supply
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Nuclear Proliferation
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Spread of nuclear technology to countries that do have them.
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