Global Politics Exam 1

Front 1

Executive Power vs. Legislative Power

Back 1

Occasionally the leader may be forced to assume powers that would normally belong to the legislative arm of government. While in some cases this is necessary, where does one draw a line? Also, in the case of a populist leader, should the legislative arm be able to step in and tell them what they should?

Front 2

Equality of Opportunity vs. Equality of Outcome

Back 2

Where should the equality be focused? Equality of Opportunity, which ensures poverty or other discrimination does not limit one’s social functioning, or Equality of Outcomes, which ensures that all people are rewarded the same, as proper social functioning needs equity of outcomes. Another question is how the government should intervene.

Front 3

Majority vs. minority interests

Back 3

Should minorities be sacrificed in the name of the majority opinion? The main principle is that the will of the majority goes, but in some cases the majority is not particularly well-advised, pragmatic or empathetic. For example, the debate regarding asylum seekers.

Front 4

Characteristics of a state

Back 4

•Defined territorial borders

•A permanent population

•An effective government

•The capacity to enter into relations with other states.

Front 5

Core feature of a state

Back 5

Sovereignty: legally recognised control over the territory it possesses

Front 6

Collectivised State

Back 6

A state that aims to set up a planned of ‘command’ economy at the expense of private enterprise.

Front 7

Welfare State

Back 7

A state that highly values the social welfare, for example, healthcare, education, pension etcetera.

Front 8

Competition State

Back 8

A state that focuses on long term strategies to ensure global economic competitiveness.

Front 9

Failed State

Back 9

A state unable to maintain domestic order, often gripped by civil warlordism.

Front 10

Nations that are not states (provide 3)

Back 10

Chechnya, West Papua, Basque Country, Kashmir and Quebec

Front 11

Principles of the Peace of Westphalia

Back 11

1.the world is divided into sovereign territorial states with no superior authority
2.all states are regarded as equal
3. the processes of lawmaking, the settlement of disputes and law enforcement are in the hands of the state
4.no state should intervene in the affairs of another state- the goal of international law is to promote coexistence.

Front 12

Power

Back 12

The ability to influence the outcome of events, or the ability to influence other.

Front 13

Hard Power

Back 13

The ability of one actor to influence others through the use of military threats and economic rewards, among other things.

Front 14

Soft Power

Back 14

The ability to persuade other actors to follow or agree to norms and aspirations that produce the desired behaviour.

Front 15

Unipolarity

Back 15

A system that revolves around one pole or power bloc. It also involves and absence of constraints of potential rivals.

Front 16

Bipolarity

Back 16

A system which revolves around two poles, such as during the cold war.

Front 17

Multipolarity

Back 17

An international system where three or more poles exist, from 3 (US,EU and Japan) or none at all.

Front 18

How can power be understood?

Back 18

Relational
Capability
Structural

Front 19

Relational

Back 19

The exercise of influence over other actors

Front 20

Capability

Back 20

What the state possesses in terms of abilities

Front 21

Structural

Back 21

The ability to control the political agenda and shape how things are done.

Front 22

Compellence

Back 22

The ability to control the political agenda and shape how things are done.

Front 23

Deterrance

Back 23

Deterrence is discouraging states from doing something. (eg. nuclear deterrence, sanctions)

Front 24

Move from hard to soft power

Back 24

Hard power is also declining as a method of influence, as states prefer to cooperate peacefully and equally than be forceful. The preferred method of shaping the preferences of others is now attraction rather than coercion.

Front 25

How can resources such as oil/gas reserves be used as an instrument of power?

Back 25

Natural resources such as oil and gas can be used as an instrument of power to blackmail or bribe other states to do what the oil state wants. For example, Russia cut Georgia’s gas and oil supplies in order to show what they were capable of and to deter Georgia from ‘looking west.’

Front 26

Revolution

Back 26

A revolution is an overthrow of the government that is popularly supported, and participated in, by the majority of the population. Eg. 2011 Egyptian Revolution, 2000 Bulldozer Revolution (Yugoslavia), 2014 Ukrainian Revolution.

Front 27

Coup

Back 27

A coup is an overthrow of the government that is not supported by the general population. It is generally orchestrated by the military. Eg. 2013 Egyptian coup, 2010 Nigerien coup d’etat, 2012 Malian coup d’etat

Front 28

Strike

Back 28

A strike is a deliberate stopping of work in order to compel an employer to concede to their employees demands. Eg. 2012-13 AEU Strike, 2011 Aircraft Engineers Strike

Front 29

Boycott

Back 29

A concerted decision to refrain from something to prove a point. Eg. Non-Fairtrade Chocolate Boycott, 2014 MKR Final Boycott

Front 30

Protest

Back 30

A demonstration of dissent, aimed to influence a decision, for example the Anti-East-West Link Protests, the Occupy Movement.

Front 31

What are the characteristics of an ideology?

Back 31

An ideology is a collection of ideas, with the following characteristics:
• It makes certain assumptions about human nature
• It attempts to explain the way society operates
• It provides a set of values that guide the actions of individuals
• It offers ideas on how to change society or speculates on how it will change

Front 32

Capitalism

Back 32

A system of generalised commodity production in which wealth is privately owned and economic life is organised according to market principles.

Front 33

Market

Back 33

A system of commercial exchange shaped by the forces of supply and demand, and regulated by the price mechanism.

Front 34

Comparative Advantage

Back 34

The law of comparative advantage states that each part or state should specialise in the production of the item that they have the comparative advantage in, that is, the lowest opportunity cost. These items should then be traded so that efficiency is maximised and the living standards of everyone are improved.

Front 35

Limits to comparative advantage

Back 35

Tariffs and Subsidies

Front 36

Military Power

Back 36

Allows a state to protect its borders and those globally, and physically force others in pursuit of overseas interests (United States, Russia)

Front 37

Economic Power

Back 37

Allows a state to use its economy in talks and also develop a strong military (China, United States)

Front 38

Population Power

Back 38

Allows a state to prosper economically (as there is a large labour force) and develop a large military and raise taxes (China and India)

Front 39

Australia is...

Back 39

Monarchical
Bicameral
Federal
Representative
Written Constitution
Unusual Electoral System

Front 40

12 Key Features of a Liberal Democracy

Back 40

1. Universal Suffrage
2. An Independent Media
3. Direct Vote on Constitutional Change
4. An Independent Judiciary
5. Political Transparency
6. Public Office Open for All
7. Fair, Free and Frequent Elections
8. Channels of Upward Influence
9. Equality Before the Law
10. Basic Rights Protected by Law
11. Constitutional Limits on Executive Power
12. Political Pluralism

Front 41

Outline key ideas and beliefs of Liberalism (6)

Back 41

Rejects hereditary rule, absoloute monarchy, divine sovereignty and state religion.
Each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property
Government must not violate rights
Hard Work is rewarded
Civil rights maintain balance between state and individual
Economy is ruled by Market

Front 42

Outline key ideas and beliefs of Conservatism (10)

Back 42

Generally Pessimistic: Humans are limited, security-seeking and morally corrupt
Society is organic, a living entity
Station in life is determined largely by luck, therefore, the more fortunate should take some responsibility for the less fortunate.
Mutual obligations and reciprocity bind us and guide behaviour
Traditional values are important
The fabric of society (family, community, nation) holds everything together.
Shared values and common goals are vital
Gradations of social position and status are natural and desirable
Freedom must coexist with responsibility.
Property ownership is important in providing a sense of security, independence and respect for law.

Front 43

Outline key ideas and beliefs of Socialism (8)

Back 43

Humans are social
Nurture over nature
Tendency towards cooperation and rationality
Class is unequal
Economic and property divisions are deeper than social bonds
All conflict is class conflict
Only cohesive society is classless
Society should evolve towards egalatarianism

Front 44

Outline the three major types of capitalism.

Back 44

Enterprise Capitalism
Anglo-American 'pure' capitalism. The market is faultless. Free Market

Social Capitalism
Central and Eastern European model. Well funded welfare provisions. Focus on education and training, higher taxes.

State Capitalism
Japan and 'Asian Tigers.' State plays a large directive role. Focus on long-term development, not short-term profit. Slow to respond to changes in economy.