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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the intercultural imperatives?
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*Economic
1. The economic effectiveness of the U.S. depends on the intercultural communication competence 2. U.S. economy is characterized by interdependence with other countries 3. The world place is increasingly diverse culturally *Technological 1. Info. technologies make intercultural links more prevalent 2. Rapid and efficient long distance transportation systems link people who live far away from each other 3. Intercultural travel to and from U.S. is frequent *Demographic 1. U.S. culture is mixing 2. European Americans going to minority 3. U.S. population shift due to immigration and migration 4. "Browning of America" is affecting demographics in school classrooms, universities and businesses. *Peace 1.Need to understand and appreciate each other is vital 2. Frequent hate crimes underscores the importance of peace |
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Communication
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Communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people create shared meaning
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Characteristics of Communication
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*Symbolic
Symbol is a word, action or object that represents something. An action can be interpreted symbolically in terms of meaning and emotion. They can also vary in arbitrariness. *Interpretive We are always communication. It is just a matter of understanding. *Transactional All participants work together to create and sustain meanings that develop. Simultaneously sending and receiving meanings. *Contextual Meaning can be understood or misunderstood based on the context of the situation. Physical and social context. Place or social atmosphere affect interpretation. *Process Always changing, moving, developing and evolving *Shared Meaning Created and shared within groups they are created in, "making sense" of common world |
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Culture
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Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, norms, and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people
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Characteristics of Culture
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*Learned
Learned through interactions with family, friends and stranger who all share the same culture. Explained also through events that happen around them. *Shared Interpretations Culture exists in the minds of people, not external, tangible objects. Communication ties to culture, for it must be described and experienced. *Beliefs, Values, Norms, and Social Practices (Symbols) Shared set of all of these things *Subject to change Always evolving *Large groups of people More likely to associate with a culture versus small groups associated with interpersonal communication |
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Iceberg theory
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Underwater aspects of culture: Beliefs, Values, Attitudes.
A majority of what a culture is is not seen from an outsider. Once you are immersed, you become aware of the inner-workings of a culture. Such as the ideas about modesty, theories about disease, nature of friendship, ordering of time, etc. |
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Staircase Model
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*Unconscious incompetence stage
You making racial jokes, not realizing they are offensive *Conscious competence stage *You knowingly know they are offensive, but do it anyway because people laugh at you *Conscious competence stage You are in a new country and are aware of their cultural practices and are trying to follow the cultural rules *Unconscious competence stage You know how to instinctively act in a classroom setting in the culture you were raised in |
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D.I.E.
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Descriptive; Interpretation; Evaluation
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High Context Cultures
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-Convert and implicit
-Messages internalized -Much nonverbal coding -Reactions reserved -Distinct ingroups and outgroups (family and non-family) -Strong interpersonal bonds (family, company, etc) -Commitment high -Time open and flexible (polychronic) |
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Low Context Cultures
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-Overt and explicit
-Messages plainly coded -Details verbalized -Reactions on the surface -Flexible ingroups and outgroups -Fragile interpersonal bonds -Commitment low -Time highly organized (monocratic) |
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Kluckholm and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations
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*Activity
Being-Doing *Relationships Linearity-Individualism *Human nature Evil-Good *People-nature Subjugation to nature-mastery over nature *Time Past-Future |
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Hofsteade's Cultural Taxonomy
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-Individualism versus Collectivism
-Uncertainty Avoidance Risk taking, unknown -Power Distance Climate, population size and wealth all affect High power distance is when the people have a lot of respect for authority, and don't ask a lot of questions. Centralized decision making style, as to not making anyone leader Low power distance Question authority *Masculinity versus Femininity Acquiring wealth over caring for life *Long-term vs. short-term Long-term favor persistence, thriftiness and humility (year of dragon, etc) Short term Maintaining "face", giving and receiving gifts (pieces, aries, gemini) |
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Nature of Identity
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Ancestry, traditions, language, aesthetics, heritage, religion, thinking patterns, social structures, belonging
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Social Identity
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Age, gender, work, social class, place (city, region), common interests
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Personal identity
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unique characteristics to you individually
cooking, chemistry, singing, sewing, tennis, trombone, soccer, studious |
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Formation of Cultural Identity in 3 stages
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*Unexamined cultural ID
Young, don't really know you are different *Cultural ID search Start asking questions, observing things and those around you *Cultural ID achievement Accept your culture, ups and downs, knowing and liking who you are |
