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38 Cards in this Set
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Enclosure Movement |
This movement took place mostly in England during the 1600s-1700s. It involved Parliamentary Acts that gave common land to the rich landowners and which also raised land taxes so that the poor landowners who could not pay the taxes were forced to give their land to the rich landowners. The poor landowners were forced to move to towns and cities to work in the new factories, becoming the proletariat of the Industrial Revolution (IR). This was an important reason why England was the first to reach the IR. Many other poor peasants stayed in the country side, working as agricultural workers for the rich landowners |
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Proletariat |
This was the working class—more specifically, the industrial working class—which was the social base for the IR and is the social base for the ideology of socialism England, early 1800s |
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Putting-Out System |
This was a stage of capitalism that was the precursor of the IR. It involved a capitalist who visited farm families to drop off materials to be processed by the families in their own homes and sometimes with their own tools and machines—hence “putting-out system” is also called “cottage industry.” The capitalist would return and pay for the processed goods by the piece-rate England, 1600s |
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Malthus |
Malthus was an English economist during the IR in the early 1800s who said that because the food supply would be outstripped by the population, only war, disease, and famine could reduce the population and bring back the balance between the food supply and population. He recommended as a more humane solution that people marry later in life to reduce the population and restore the balance |
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Factory Act of 1833 |
This was a British Act which limited child labor during the Industrial Revolution |
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Chartists |
The Chartists were a group of English workers who demanded the right to vote for all male workers in the early 1800s |
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Luddites |
The Luddites were English craft workers in the early 1800s who smashed industrial machines during the IR because they blamed the machines for putting them out of work |
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James Watt |
Watt was a Scottish professor who, in the late 1700s, perfected the steam engine and made it usable for pumping water out of flooded coal mines. It became a major factor in the IR, by providing an almost unlimited source of power for factory machines and later, transportation: steamboats, railroads, etc |
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Ricardo |
Ricardo was an English economist during the IR in the early 1800s who created the “iron law of wages.” Ricardo said that wages for workers would always fall to the level of subsistence. He was an apologist for the profits made by rich capitalists at the time (as was Malthus.) |
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Abolitionists/William Lloyd Garrison |
Abolitionists were members of the US Abolitionist Society, created in the 1840s, which advocated ending slavery. Its leader was William Lloyd Garrison, a White man, who also edited the Liberator newspaper |
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Frederick Douglass |
Douglass was a former slave who escaped and settled in Rochester, NY, where he edited The Northern Star newspaper. Not only was he an Abolitionist, but he was a friend of Karl Marx and agreed with many of Marx’s communist writings (1818-1895) |
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Dred Scott |
Scott was a slave from Missouri (MO) who was taken by his owners to the free state of Illinois (IL.) His owners tried to bring him back to MO, but he objected, saying that he could not be brought back because he was in a free state and thus no longer a slave. He took his case to the US Supreme Court, which was led by Chief Justice Taney. Scott lost, because the court ruled “once a slave, always a slave.” This ruling occurred in 1857 and was an important catalyst for the Civil War |
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John Brown |
Brown was a white man who opposed slavery. In the 1850s, he killed a number of slave owners in Kansas. In 1859, he organized a group to seize the US arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (VA)in order to distribute the weapons to slaves and begin a slave revolt. He failed and all were captured. He was executed and became a martyr. This also catalyzed the US Civil War |
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Reconstruction |
This was a period in US history after the Civil War from 1865-77. During this time, the US government rebuilt the areas destroyed in the Civil War and also promised several things to the former slaves, including giving them an education, which they did, and giving them 40 acres and a mule, which they failed to do |
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Commodore Perry |
US Commodore Perry in 1853 sailed into Edo Harbor (today's Tokyo) to demand that the Japanese open up to trade with the US or be destroyed in war. The Japanese agreed |
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Meiji Restoration |
In 1867, the Japanese began the Meiji restoration, during which the former Meiji dynasty was restored to the throne to strengthen Japan. The Meijis attempted to emulate Western industrial capitalism which, they knew, would help Japan to develop rapidly. Japan also created a kind of Western political system, including a parliament |
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Zaibatsu |
During the period following the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese created big industrial cartels, or Zaibatsu, which built a powerful capitalist industrial base Late 1800s |
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Russo-Japanese War |
Japan became a world power during this time, strong enough to defeat Russia in the Russo-Japanese war of 1905. This was the first time a non-European power defeated a European power. In 1910, Japan annexed Korea |
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Manchuria |
In 1931, Japan took over the northern Chinese region of Manchuria. This was the first of the aggressive actions by the fascist countries worldwide |
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Hitler |
Born in Austria, Hitler was the leader of the Nazi Party in Germany, and took power in 1933. The Nazis were a fascist party which carried out a policy of racism, foreign aggression and conquest abroad, and violence against domestic and foreign opponents. Their number one opponent was the Communists. These policies were contained in Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf. Hitler, with Italy and Japan, was responsible for the holocaust and was the main aggressor in WWII |
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Enabling Act |
In January 1933 the German parliament , or Reichstag, voted to give Hitler total power |
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Reichstag Fire |
In early 1933, a few months after the Enabling Act was passed, the Reichstag building burned down. Although Hitler accused the Communists of starting the fire, most agree that the Nazis themselves were actually responsible. Hitler’s government used the incident as a pretext to arrest, imprison and kill thousands of left-wing Communists and Socialists |
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Kristallnacht |
In 1938 in Germany Hitler's government ordered the destruction of Jewish-owned stores and businesses , and the beating and killing of thousands of Jews. This began the first phase of the Holocaust, during which the Nazis killed millions of Jews |
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Spanish Civil War (Franco/Republicans) |
From 1936-39 a civil war raged in Spain between its liberal-leftist government (the Republicans) and the Fascists led by Franco and his fascist party (called "the Falange"). The Fascist side was helped by the Nazis, and the only country that helped the Republicans was the USSR. Franco's side won and Franco led Spain until his death in 1975 |
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Holocaust |
The Holocaust was the German Nazi policy of killing six million Jews from the late 1930s until the end of WWII in 1945 |
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Hiroshima-Nagasaki |
In August 1945, WWII ended after the US dropped atomic bombs on these two cities, causing the deaths of millions. This was the first and last time nuclear weapons were used Japan |
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Hobson and Lenin on Imperialism |
Hobson, in 1902 and Lenin, in 1916, both wrote books on imperialism. Both were Marxists who said that imperialism was the final stage of capitalism. Under imperialism, monopolies dominated, especially banks. Another key point was that at that time, foreign investments in Advanced Capitalist Countries (ACCs) were saturated; the ACCs thus had to invest in colonies in order to make a profit. This led to a strong rivalry for colonies, a redivision of the world as rich countries wanted to redivide the colonies and, eventually, war. |
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Naval Rivalry |
(for biggest battleships) also took place, as with the “Dreadnaught,” a huge British battleship of 1906. |
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German Unification |
In 1871, Bismarck succeeded in German Unification and the creation of a new and powerful country. Since Germany’s unification took place so late, when all of the world’s colonies were already taken, it had to use force to obtain colonies. Germany’s aggressiveness was thus a major cause of WWI. |
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The Alliance System |
an important cause of WWI (there were 2 major alliances: the Triple Entente, including Britain, France, Russia, and the Triple Alliance, including Germany, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire, or OE). |
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Assassination of Franz Ferdinand |
After the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914 in the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo by a Serb, Austria declared war on Serbia. Since Serbia was supported by Russia, the alliance system came into effect and WWI began. |
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14 Points/League of Nations |
After WWI, the 14 points were proclaimed by US President Wilson with the aim of preventing future wars. This included the creation of a League of Nations (LON) to prevent war. But the LON did very little to stop fascist aggression. |
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The Treaty of Versailles |
The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty with Germany to end WWI. Its harsh provisions included huge reparations to be paid by Germany for its aggression in the War. It also ordered the occupation of Germany’s Rhineland by mainly French troops to prevent Germany from becoming an aggressor in the future. |
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Britain's colonial empire |
provided a market for British goods, a large supply of cheap raw materials, and cheap foreign labor. |
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Britain's Natural Resources |
Britain had extensive deposits of coal and iron ore |
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Britain's Infrastructure |
Britain had an extensive network of roads and canals that facilitated the shipments of raw materials and goods |
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British Society (3) |
1. London was the largest city in Europe, center of Britain. It was and enormous market for consumer goods and created a demand for goods in the rest of Britain seeking to emulate London. 2. Newspapers thrived in Britain and the newspaper ads increased consumer demand 3. Wealth and status, wealthy merchants and entrepreneurs could rise socially, enter the aristocracy, and enjoy political influence |
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The Government and Financial Institutions of Britain (4) |
1. Stable gov't that guaranteed property rights 2. Britain was free trade, and no internal tolls inhibited the shipment of goods and materials. 3. Sound system of banking and credit that created a stable climate for investing. 4. Taxes were efficient and fair |
