Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Akbar
|
-"Akbar the Great"
- Mughal Emperor - ruled India with wisdom and tolerance from 1556 until 1605 - created his own religion, "Divine Faith" |
|
|
Arthasastra
|
- a rulers handbook, taught how to hold a vast empire together
- written by one of Chandragupta's advisors, Kautilya (member of the priestly cast) |
|
|
Aryans
|
- Indo-European people that crossed over the northwest mountain passes into the Indus river valley of India.
|
|
|
ascetics
|
- text: Upanishads
- goal: moksha - how to reach the goal: follow your dharma to build good karma to reach moksha, the union or atman and brahman and escape samsara; ascetic lifestyle - successful in gaining followers because: karma helps explain unfairness of life, gives hope. - an ascetic is someone who withdraws from all pleasure of the senses |
|
|
Assyrians
|
- acquired a large empire in Assyria in 850 b.c., which had a sophisticated military,and state-of-the-art weaponry; greatest power in the southwest Asia for some time
|
|
|
Aurangzeb
|
- Shan Johan's third son
- ruled the Mughal empire from 1658 until 1707 - a master at military strategy - an aggressive empire builder - the empire weakened during his reign |
|
|
Aztec Empire
|
- capital: Tenochtitlan, on an island.
|
|
|
Babylonians
|
- Amorites: nomads, patter of invasion: empire building, formed universal code of laws for their empire
- Amorites attacked the Akkadians, established their capital Babylon on the Euphrates river |
|
|
Brahminism
|
- Created by: Brahmins - Aryans
- Texts: Vedas, Ramayana - How to establish & maintain control: caste system, dharma - Why were people upset or critical of Brahmin control: Brahmins abused power and were corrupt. rituals were useless, extravagant, wasteful. the Kashatriyas wanted power, the Vaishyas wanted status, resented Brahmin power |
|
|
Buddhism
|
- Mahayana Buddhism: buddhists who accepted new doctrines
- Theravada Buddhism: buddhists who held to Buddha's stricter, original teachings - Founder: Siddhartha - Texts: Sutras - Goal: nirvana - How does one reach the goal: four noble truths, eightfold path, middle way, compassion - How successful in gaining followers: no caste, anyone can reach nirvana, no sacrifices, middle way |
|
|
Bushido
|
- demanding code of behavior
- "the way of the warrior" - lived by the samurai |
|
|
caste system
|
- the name of social system from the explorers of Portugal
- explains each individuals place in each society |
|
|
Chaldeans/Neo-Bab.
|
- Chaldeans: nomads, patter of invasion: empire building
- Chaldeans attacked the Assyrians, re-built Babylonian empire, had discoveries with astronomy, created hanging gardens; attacked Jerusalem, destroyed the temple, deported Jews |
|
|
Confucianism
|
- Founder: Confucius - Kung Fu Tzu
- Texts: Analects - Jen/Ren: apropriate feelings, thoughts, attitudes (virtue, compassion, modesty) - Li: appropriate actions (manners,ceremonies) - Status was determined by: gender, age, birth order, education (not wealth) - Caste/Social Oder: scholars, farmers, artisans, merchants - Basic Relationships: ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, friend-friend - Filial Piety: respect for parents/elders. parents: provide, teach jen/ren and li. kids: respect, provide in old age (repay) - family basis of society - Chun-Tzu: Chonzi: ideal leader, model after early Zhou leaders, by education, not birth - social mobility - leaders should be ruled by moral example not force or laws - Which problems in Chinese society was Confucianism trying to reform: chaos, war, violence, poor leaders, bad morals. solution: moral example ( ren, li, etc.) - family works = society works - Who would be attracted to Confucius' ideas: peasants, scholars, not nobles or warriors |
|
|
cultural diffusion
|
- the process of a new idea or a product spreading from one culture to another
|
|
|
cuneiform
|
- a system of writing
|
|
|
desertification
|
- the steady process of drying of the soil
|
|
|
devshirme
|
- under this system the sultan's army took boys from their families, educated them, converted them to Islam, and trained them to be soldiers
|
|
|
Dynastic Cycle
|
- the way historians describe the pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties
|
|
|
ethnocentrism
|
- belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group
|
|
|
Five PIllars
|
- one: shahada - declaration of faith
- two: salah - prayer (pray five times a day facing Mecca) - three: zakat - alms giving (give to charity) - four: sawm - fasting (ramadan) - five: hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca |
|
|
Genghis Khan
|
- a Mongol khan or clan leader named Temujin who accepted this title in 1206, which means "universal leader" of the Mongol clans
|
|
|
Ghana
|
- West Africa
- Kumbi Saleh - (trade) products: salt, gold, slaves - (trade) technology: metal weapons, tools, jewelry - (trade) region: across Sahara to North Africa - religion: tribal religions (tolerant of Muslims) - government: divine king (tax trade) - decline: Muslim conquest (Almoravids) |
|
|
Great Wall
|
- created to discourage attacks from enemies
- labor of the wall was forced onto the poor; peasants (option was to work on the wall or die, thought many laborers worked and died anyway) |
|
|
Gupta
|
- India
- rulers/leaders: Chandra Gupta I (320-335 ce), Chandra Gupta II (375-415 ce). economy/trade: standard coins, silk roads & Indian ocean (trade routes), (profitable trade with the Mediterranean world) major export-cotton, middlemen. science/math: decimal system, number system, pi, concept of zero, astronomy, solar calender, earth is round. religion: Hindu synthesis (took place), Buddhism (begins to spread in Asia). medicine: plastic surgery, inoculations, printed medicinal guides. art: statues, Buddhist art, influenced from southeast and Greece. literature: Kalidasa (poet, wrote plays too). decline: attacked by nomads (White Huns) |
|
|
Hammurabi
|
- reigned over the Babylonian empire during its peak (1792-1750 bc)
- military leader - diplomat - put together code of laws (Hammurabi's code), a single uniform code to unify diverse groups, collection of existing rules, judgements, and laws, explained different punishments for different kinds of people |
|
|
Han Synthesis
|
- combination of ideas take from Legalism, Confucianism, and Taoism
- Legalism: government organization (18 provinces, 6 ministries, bureaucracy), standard coins, axles, weights, roads, canals, writing - Confucianism: family base of society, filial piety, five relationships, ren, li, ancestor worship, emperor (powerful, loving, rule by moral example, rule justly, delegate power), laws, military, social structure (social mobility), exam system - Taoism: practice on weekends, reverence for nature (art), war fair (defense only) |
|
|
Hajj
|
- pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim is supposed to make in their lifetime
|
|
|
Heian Age
|
- highly refined court society
- great art and literature |
|
|
hieroglyphics
|
- a flexible writing system
|
|
|
HInduism
|
- founders: Brahmins
- text: Bhagavad Gita - goal: four goals - how does one reach the goal: four stages, four yogas - how successful in gaining followers: very flexible, absorbed others ideas |
|
|
Hittites
|
- one group of Indo-European speakers
- their empire dominated southwest Asia for 450 years, occupied Babylon, the chief city in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, struggle for control over Syria |
|
|
Inca Empire
|
- social structure: Inca elite, subjects, peasants (no freedom)
- religion: mummification (special practice), descended from the sun, sun god (Inti), entered the relms of the gods, polytheistic (thousands of gods), worshipped mountains (rituals performed there, mountains were related to the weather) - achievements: no wheel/plow, aqueducts, terrace farming, road networks, messenger systems, cities (Manchupichu), stone building techniques - economy: stored food (for everyone), trade: (a lot of potatoes and corn, minerals (gold and silver)), Quipu (record keeping of numerical information), mita (labor tribute), allyu (group for the common good - environment: terrace farming, llamas, aqueducts, rugged terrain, rich soil, minerals (gold and silver) - government: empire, assimilation, official language (Quecha), stored food (enough for everyone), caring government, loyal subjects, tightly controlled everything, not much freedom, alot like communism |
|
|
Indus Valley civilization
|
- advanced cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, grid-system, citadel
- specialized workers: farmers, artisans, merchants, traders, priests - complex institutions: strong central government, organized cities, uniform construction, little/no military (natural barriers) - religion and values: polytheism , baths, purity, bulls, cows were sacred, yoga meditation, mother goddess, after life, reincarnation, wheel - economy: trade (Mesopotamia), seals, surplus, granaries - social structure: priestly caste, aristocrats, traders, merchants, teachers, artisans, farmers, probably no slaves/poor, relative equality (uniform housing), prosperous society |
|
|
Islam
|
- two types, Sunni and Shia
- Sunni: majority. who should succeed Mohammed-elected caliph, "best leaders", Abu Bakr & Umayyads. video of 1st four caliphs-legitimate. role of caliphs-caliphs had religious and political power, Koran & Muslim law guide them. view of the world-Allah triumphs. view of Mohammed-religious leader & statesman. where located today-(mainly in) North Africa, Middle East, India, & Indonesia. - Shia: minority. who should succeed Mohammed-Ali & his family, related to Mohammed. view of 1st four caliphs-non-relatives were illegitimate. role of caliphs-political-caliph, religious-imams. view of the world-dark & treacherous, oppose privilege. view of Mohammed-identify with his suffering & persecution. where located today-Iran, Lebanon, Iran |
|
|
Jainism
|
- founder: Mahavira
- text: Doctrine of Maybe - goal: free jiva - how does one reach the goal: build good karma by: ahisma, Dcotrine of Maybe, Ascetic lifestyle - how successful in gaining followers: only elites had money to be Ascetic; difficult |
|
|
Janissaries
|
- were among the sultan's slaves
- an elite force of 30,000 from the peoples of conquered Christians as part of a policy called devshirme |
|
|
Jihad
|
- a holy war undertaken by Muslims against unbelievers
|
|
|
Kamikaze
|
- means "divine wind"
- saved Japan, during one of the Japanese wars that they were struggling in, came a typhoon that swept furiously across the Sea of Japan, that upended, swamped, and dashed bits of Mongol ships onto shore, many Mongols drowned making it easy for the Japanese to finish off the rest |
|
|
Lao Tzu/Taoism
|
- founder: Laozi/ Lao Tzu
- text: Daodejing - Tao (Dao): the way - the way (monoism): universal force, moral path that humans should follow - harmony: goal, man and nature, interdependent - Yin-Yang: yin-female, earth, dark. yang-male, heaven, light, harmony of opposites - Wu Wei:action by non action, do nothing (glass, muddy water), relax and let problems solve themselves - which problems in Chinese society was Taoism trying to reform: war, violence, poor leaders (lords). solution: get in harmony with nature, seek lower path, look within, find Dao, float with Dao - who would be attracted to Taoist ideas: peasants (importance of nature, lower path), not nobles, soldiers, merchants - how would a government based on Taoist principles operate: no government is best, small self-sufficient state, leave people alone and let them get in touch with Dao, individual > society, optimist-people are good |
|
|
Legalism
|
- founders: Li SI, Hanfeizi
- no texts - Fa: law, bring order/ hormony, need laws because people are bad, virtue morals, rituals not enough, system of punishment, system of rewards - Shih: power, strong centralized government, people will obey out of fear - Shuh: methods in art of government, appoint ministers, spies, put down threat revolts with force - problems in Chinese society Legalism was trying to reform: Era of Warring States; war, chaos, corruption - how did Legalists try to solve these problems: force, laws, fear, punishments, strong central government - how would a government based on Legalism operate: one ruler (acts like a dictator), strict laws, punish, reward, taxes, forced labor, put down revolts, autocracy (splinter). focus: war, defense, farming - who would be attracted to Legalist ideas: rulers, soldiers, Shi Huangdi - Qin/Chin-China (first emperor) |
|
|
loess
|
- silt, that is really fertile soil
|
|
|
Mahavira
|
- hero
- taught his followers to try to give up attachment not only to worldly things, but to their own opinions - founder of Jainism |
|
|
Mandate of Heaven
|
- a just ruler that had divine approval
|
|
|
Marco Polo
|
- the most famous European to visit China
- was a young Venetian trader (traveled along the Silk Roads with his father and uncle by caravan) - arrived in Kublai Kahn's court in 1275, since he knew several languages Kublai sen him to various cities on government missions - served him for seventeen years, two years before Kublai died he went back to Venice - later in life he was captured in a war against Venice and imprisoned, a fellow prisoner gathered his stories and made a book |
|
|
Ashoka/Asoka
|
- Chandragupta's grandson, brought the Mauryan empire to its greatest heights
|
|
|
Babar/Babur
|
- an eleven-year-old boy who inherited a kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
|
|
|
Mali
|
- 1200 A.D.
- TRADE: products: cattle, gold, grains, ivory, slaves, salt, technology: cloth, metal tools, jewelry, region: North Africa, Mediterranean, Arabia - RELIGION: Muslim - GOVERNMENT: empire divided into provinces - DECLINE: Muslim conquest 1300 A.D. |
|
|
Mauryan Empire
|
- in 321 B.C. Chandragupta Maurya, (who was born in the powerful kingdom of Magadha, which was centered on the lower Ganges river), killed the Nanda king (kingdom was ruled by the Nanda family), after gathering an army and claimed the throne; which was the start of the empire
|
|
|
Maya
|
- environment: maize, beans, squash, were all grown; basis of life. slash-and-burn agriculture, also planted on raised beds above swamps and on hillside terraces.
- urban centers: built spectacular cities, Tikal (major center of northern Guatemala, others included Copan, Palenque, Uxmal, Chichen Itza), each center was an independent city-state ruled by a god-king for religious ceremonies and trade, had giant pyramids, temples, palaces, stone carvings for gods & rulers, home to tens of thousands of people, had a ball court. - economy: cities traded products from their local environment such as salt, flint, feathers, shells, honey, craft goods were also traded like cotton textiles & jade ornaments, no uniform currency although cacao (chocolate) beans were sometimes used. - social structure: Mayan king=holy figure, position was hereditary, throne was given to eldest son others go to join the priesthood, noble class=priests and leading warriors, merchants=those of specialized knowledge; master artisans, peasants=majority of population. - religion: believed in many gods, gods for everything, associated with directions and colors, predicted behavior with an intricate system of calenders, prayed had offerings, some human sacrifices. - achievements: calender, mathematics-concept of zero, astronomy, advanced writing system-hieroglyphic symbols-recorded everything. |
|
|
Mesopotamia
(Tigris and Euphrates) |
- a plain that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
|
|
|
Mohammed/Muhammad
|
- creator of Islam
|
