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69 Cards in this Set
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International Norms |
the expectationsactors hold about normal international relations. Constructivism emphasizes international norms |
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problem with international norms |
states may have different expectations |
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Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) |
organizations created by states for a specific purpose |
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regional igos |
European Union (EU) (CH. 10), Association of South East Asian Nations(ASEAN), African Union (AU) |
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Global IGOs |
b. UN, Intelsat, OPEC |
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nongovernmental organizations |
private igo with very specific purpose |
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the united nations |
the most important igo in the system |
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purpose of the un |
a. To provide a global institutional structure through which states cansometimes settle conflicts with less reliance on use of force, essentially tofacilitate cooperation |
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un charter principles |
I. states have full sovereignty II. states are equal under international law III. states have full independence and territorial integrity IV. states should carry out international obligations |
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benefits of membership in un |
i. Membership is basically leverage for states ii. Promotes international stability iii. Promotes cooperation iv. States may express views and disputes v. Mechanism for dispute settlement vi. Promotes development vii. Coordinating system for sharing information and planning viii. States can turn to the UN when they can’t solve problems |
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cost of membership in un |
I. dues paid every year II. agreement to abide by charter |
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structure of UN |
General assembly -body of un, rep from every state Security counsel -US, Britain, France, Russia, China and 10 others that rotate Peacekeeping force Secretariat-executive branch World court -Judicial branch collective security -a band of states which can respond to aggression |
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international law |
allows states to avoid using violence to solve problems |
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domestic law |
instead of duels and violence to solve problems, allows relations to become predictable, provides order |
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sources of international law |
I. Treaties II. Customs and general principles III. Legal scholarship |
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enforcing International Law |
*Difficult* I. Reciprocity/Sanctions II. Reputation III. Long-term cost of breaking IL |
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The world court |
Place where states can bring grievances against each other concerning IL (Both states must consent) |
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Laws of war |
Just wars are legal -in response to aggression wars of aggression are illegal -any other reason |
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human rights |
rights that inherently belong to every person against certain abuses |
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universalism in human rights |
all humans have the same rights no matter where you are from |
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relativism in human rights |
peoples rights depend on their culture and local traitions |
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origin of human rights |
I. Religion -endowed by the creator II. Philosophy -natural rights III. Political revolutions -declaration of independence |
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protection of human rights |
I. UN universal declaration of human rights II. Governments III. Treaties IV. NGOs V. Responsibility to protect |
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Types of human rights |
I. Accepted -Freedom of Speech, right to a fair trial, freedom from enslavement, right to life II. Controversial - Water, LGBT, Arms III. Civil-political -Free speech, freedom of religion, equal protection under the law, freedom from arbitrary imprisonment IV. Economic-social rights -Rights to good living conditions, food, health care, social security, education |
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International political economy |
The tensions & interactions between politics & the economy in the modern world |
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Theories of trade |
Lens through which to view economic relations, simplification of reality, theory and ideology |
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Mercantilism |
Domestic and international economies tightly regulated to maximize state power and wealth (Realism) |
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Economic Liberalism |
National wealth is increased by allowing free and unrestricted trade (Liberalism) |
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Free trade |
The flow of goods across borders unrestricted by tariffs or other restrictions |
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Absolute gains |
Positive gains which are not compared to the gains of other individuals |
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Market |
The environment where gods and services are exchanged |
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Marxism in IPE |
Attuned to economic exploitation as a force that shapes political relations (Marxism). Class is the main unit of analysis |
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Comparative advantage |
States should produce those goods that they can produce most efficiently at lowest relative cost to maximize their trading power |
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Types of market interference |
-Monopoly -Oligopoly -Corruption -Legal framework for markets -Taxation -Sanctions -Autarky |
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Protectionism |
protection of specific domestic industries from international competition. |
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Methods of protectionism |
Tariffs, quotas, subsidies, regulations |
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World Trade Organization |
A trade regime to facilitate free trade & trade cooperation internationally as integration occurs |
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Most-favored nation principle |
trade restrictions must be equally applied to all trading partners, nondiscrimination |
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Generalized system of preferences |
A wealthy nation can go against MFN principle to lower tariffs for developing countries |
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Bilateral Agreements |
A trade agreement between 2 states |
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Free-trade areas |
an agreement between neighboring states to reduce or remove trade inhibitors |
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Cartels |
An association of producers or consumers of a certain product for the purpose of manipulating the price of such a product. (OPEC) |
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Effect of Great Depression on economics |
increased protectionism, reduced world trade |
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Keynesian economics |
deficit spending used to stimulate economy |
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resistance to trade |
Growing interdependence and globalization has caused backlash from certain groups |
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Globalization and finance |
characterized by integrated global financial markets |
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gold standard |
system in which value of national currency was pegged upon value of gold & precious metals for more than century |
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intangible value standard pros and cons |
Pros-gold now commodity subject to fluctuations in market, intangible standard more efficient Cons-individuals may not be as confident in intangible standard |
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exchange rate |
rate at which one state’s currency can be exchanged for another |
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International Currency Exchange |
currencies are valued against each other, not any tangible standard (current system) |
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Convertible (hard) currency |
the individual which holds currency has guarantee that they can trade currency for another, can be readily converted |
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Nonconvertible (soft) currency |
currencies which cannot be traded for another |
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Fixed exchange rate |
rates determined by set government exchange rate |
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Floating exchange rate |
rates determined by global currency markets where investors and governments buy and sell currencies |
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Managed Float |
when governments intervene by buying and selling currency to manipulate their value |
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US Federal Reserve "The Fed" |
US central bank |
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dicunt rate |
The interest rate charged by governments to private banks w/ loans |
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Breton Woods system |
stability and access to capital after WWII |
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World Bank |
Loans to finance infrastructure development & other projects to facilitate economic development |
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International Monetary Fund |
Coordinates international currency exchange, balance of International payments, & national accounts |
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National Accounts |
IMF maintains system of national accounts statistics to keep track of state’s monetary positions. |
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Reasons for state debt |
-trade deficit -Income & consumption pattern among households and businesses -Government spending |
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deficit spending |
sometime govt spends more on programs than tax revenue allows to stimulate economic growth |
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fiscal policy |
government decisions on spending and taxation |
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monetary policy |
government decisions about printing and money circulation |
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reasons for US debt |
-trade deficit -imports exceed exports -budget deficit -government spending exceeds revenue -national debt -amount owed due to deficit spending
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Multinational corporation |
a company based in one state that operates across many borders in order to make a profit |
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Types of MNCs |
-Industrial -produce goods to sell -Financial -banks -service -Airlines, telephone services (AT&T), fast food, hotel chains, etc. |
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Foreign Direct Investment |
The acquisition by individuals in one country of control over a new or existing business in another country |
