Global Issues Test 2

Front 1

President of China

Back 1

Xi Jinping
-3rd most powerful in the world
-Cracked down on dissent. (microblogs, arrested critics of govt)

Front 2

China's Economy

Back 2

GDP to overtake US in 15 years
GDP per capita very low
2 Chinas, coastal vs rural areas
A bubble? Cause of Recent stock market drop?
Similar to Japan in 80s

Authoritarian Capitalism- illusion of capitalism

Front 3

China
Cost of growth
Military
Soft Power

Back 3

Environmental
25% of water polluted
Polluted air

Largest military(dated tech)
Distant Second

Olympics, News

Front 4

China Politics

Back 4

Authoritarian Political system- comm party chooses officials.

Authoritarian Capitalism- illusion of capitalism- soviet failed
-Gov't runs bank
-Dong Pong Ching incorporated capitalism in 80s

Front 5

Global South/North/East

Back 5

Developing countries
advanced industrial countries
China & India

80% has only 17% wealth

Front 6

Gross domestic product

Back 6

total value of goods and services produced within a country during a year.

Front 7

Gross National Income

Back 7

GDP + net income earned from a country's companies and citizens from outside the country.

Front 8

Purchasing Power Parity

Back 8

Value of GDP or GNI adjusted to reflect the cost of living in a country.

Front 9

Human Development Index

Back 9

Used to indicate QUALITY OF LIFE within a country

-UN development program
-electricity, hunger, life expectancy

Front 10

Semi-Periphery

Back 10

parts of the global south that are doing well
1. Oil Exporting Countries(OPEC)
2. Newly Industrialized Countries(NIC)
--Export manufactured goods to the North
--Eg. Global East(China, Singapore, Malaysia, S. Korea)

Front 11

Least Developed Countries

Back 11

*Majority in Sub Saharan Africa
-49, 34-African, 9-Asia, 5-Pacific, 1-Carribean

Front 12

(Explanations for Poverty & Inequality)
Millenium Development Goals
-Goals?

Back 12

-Adopted in 2000 at the UN Millenium Summit
Goals:
1. Eradicate Poverty and Hunger-reduce by half the number of people living on less than 1.25$ a day
2. Achieve UNIVERSAL Primary Education(K-6)
3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women-in education and employment.
4. Reduce Chiled Mortality-by 2/3
5. Improve Maternal Health-reduce maternal mortality by 3/4
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases-halt and begin to reverse the spread of AIDS and malaria

Front 13

Millenium Development Goals
-Already achieved?
-Least progress

Back 13

1. Eradicate Poverty and Hunger
-ALREADY achieved
-Better in E Asia than Sub Saharan Africa
2. Achieve UNIVERSAL Primary Education(K-6)-Not Yet
3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women-Not Yet
4. Reduce Chiled Mortality-Not Yet
5. Improve Maternal Health-Not Yet
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases-ALREADY

Front 14

OFficial Development Assistance(ODA)

Back 14

grants or loans to countries from other countries
-0.7% GNI goal

Front 15

Intergovernmental Organizations

Back 15

Institutions created and joined by STATES' governments.
ex. UN

Front 16

United Nations: History

Back 16

a. League of Nations(14pts)
b. Roosevelt and Churchill
c. Dunbar Oaks 1944(SU, China, GB, France, US)
d. UN Charter Signed in 1945 on Oct 24(effective)

Front 17

UN: Functions

Back 17

All Liberal Ideologies
1. Maintain international peace and provide collective security
2. Promote cooperation in solving social and economic problems(more success)
3. Encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

Front 18

UN: Organizatial Structure

Back 18

1. General Assembly
2. Security Council
3. Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC)
4. Secretariat
5. International Court of Justice

Front 19

UN: Org. Structure- General Assembly

Back 19

1. Each UN member state gets a vote
2. Most decisions made by majority vote
3. Global South states have a significant majority(G77)
4. Resolutions passed are non-binding. It cannot req state to take action.
5. UN reg budget is determined by General Assembly
*US contributes the most(22%)

Front 20

UN: Org. Structure- Security Council

Back 20

1. Responsible for maintaining int'l peace and security
2. 5 *permanent members* with veto power(France, US, Russia, UK, China)Dunbar Oaks
3. Ten non-permanent members elected for 2 year terms by the general assembly
4. Decisions must be approved by 9 of 15 members with no veto(reason it hasn't worked well)

Front 21

UN: Org. Structure- Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC)

Back 21

Coordinates the economic and social work of UN(Big umbrella group overseeing 14 specific programs ie Mill dev goals)
1. 54 member states elected by gen assem for 3 year terms
2. Funding is voluntary, hence wealthier countries are favored

Front 22

UN: Org. Structure- Secretariat

Back 22

Carries out administrative work of UN
-Takes most money
1. Secretary General: Ban Ki Moon
--traditionally not of 5 permanent members on UNSC
--rotates country

Front 23

UN Secretary General

Back 23

Ban Ki Moon(secretariat)

Front 24

UN: Org. Structure- International Court of Justice

Back 24

1. Can decide disputes between member state, but only if they agree to participate
2. Issues advisory legal opinions on other legal questions.

Front 25

Evaluating UN: Collective Security

Back 25

Has rarely fullfilled its role of providing for collective security.
-Korean War- because SU was boycotting and Taiwan taking China's seat
-1st Persian Gulf War

Front 26

Evaluating UN: Peace Keeping

Back 26

The interposition of military forces from a third party between belligerents to prevent hostilities from escalating
-reduces civil fighting 60%, state/state 85%
-Rwanda-failure

Front 27

Evaluating UN: Peace Keeping-Responsibility to Protect-

Back 27

international community should intervene if a state is unable or unwilling to protect its citizens from human rights abuses 2005
-1st used in Libya, Mohmar Kadafi, no fly zone, military action
--criticism-poor followup, AU collonialism, Rus+China
-Syria- abuses on both sides, syria is stronger.

Front 28

Evaluating UN: Promoting Cooperation

Back 28

Most of the effective work of the UN has been with non-security issues(UNICEF, Dev Prog, WTO, WFP)

Front 29

Evaluating UN: Agenda Setting

Back 29

Bringing an issue to the attention of political decision makers and he public.

Front 30

European Union

Back 30

Regional IGO
28 Countries
Nobel Peace Prize
Speculation- new state system(Hegemon)

Front 31

European Union: Origins

Back 31

1. European Coal and Steel Community 1951
2. Treaties of Rome 1957
3. European Communities(EC)
4. Single European Act
5. Maastricht Treaty 1992
6. Lisbon Treaty 2007, 2009

Front 32

European Coal and Steel Community
European Union Origins

Back 32

1951
1. France and Germany(Italy, Lux, Bel, Neth)
2. Established a common market for trade in coal and steel(Liberalism)

Front 33

Treaties of Rome
European Union Origins

Back 33

1957
1. Created 2 institutions:
i. European Economic Community-established a common market for a wide range of goods.
ii. European Atomic Energy Community-created to promote cooperation in the development of nuclear energy(EURATOM)
-became European Communities(EC)

Front 34

Single European Act
European Union Origins

Back 34

1. Established the goal of completing the common market by Jan 1, 1993.
2. Provided for free movement of goods, services, capital and *people*

Front 35

Maastricht Treaty *

Back 35

************1992
1. Shift toward political integration**
2. Name changed to European Union
3. Created EU citizenship
4. Pooled Sovereignty-states gives up some of their sovereignty to an IGO.
i. For some policy areas, EU is given authority to make decisions that are binding to its member states. eg. Environmental, education, healthcare.
5. Eurozone- Some of the EU countries replaced their state currency with the Euro.
6. European Central Bank-established to manate monetary policy and the euro for Europeans.

Front 36

Lisbon Treaty*

Back 36

2007, 2009
*Like a constitution
1. Expanded Pooled Sovereignty to include new policy areas eg. agriculture, criminal law, immigration.
2. New Position: President of European Council
-2.5 year term
**Herman Van Rompuy- 1st and current(former PM of Belgium)
3. Allows states to leave the EU

Front 37

Sovereign Debt

Back 37

debt issued or guaranteed by a government
(PIGG)

Front 38

Fiscal Stability Treaty

Back 38

EU
1. If a member state's total debt is greater than 60% of GDP, it must be reduced by a certain percentage each year.
2. Annual budget must be balannced or in surplus.
3. Failure to comply results in financial penalty(0.1% of GDP)
*i. UK and Check Republic did not sign
*ii. Pattern of varying levels of membership

Front 39

Nongovernmental Organizations
(NGOs)

Back 39

Members are *private citizens* from two or more states. Rise due to the internet.

Types:
1. Issue Advocacy Gropus
2. Multinational Corporations
3. Cultural NGOs
4. Terrorist Groups

Front 40

Issue Advocacy Groups

Nongovernmental Organizations
(NGOs)

Back 40

Transnational interest group organized to influence specific policy areas.
ex. Greenpeace, Amnesty Int'l, Global Fund For Women, IRC, Save the Children

Functions:
1. Agenda Setting(ex. Greenpeace, KONY 2012)
2. Education- inform and influence how people view an issue.
3. Representation- Represent groups that cannot represent themselves.
4. Coalition Building- work with gov't leaders to reach int'l agreements.
5. Implementation- help with the implementation of global agreements and monitor compliance.

Front 41

Multinational Corporations

Nongovernmental Organizations
(NGOs)

Back 41

Business enterprises headquartered in one state, that invest and operate extensively in other states.

Front 42

Cultural NGOs

Nongovernmental Organizations
(NGOs)

Back 42

Two Types:
1. Religious Movement- a politically active organization based on strong religious conviction.
ex. *Catholic Church* Pope Francis* 1.2b members
2. Ethnopolitical Group- members share a common language, cultural tradition and kinship ties
ex. Palestine Liberation Organization(PLO)

Front 43

Terrorist Groups

Nongovernmental Organizations
(NGOs)

Back 43

Seek to further political objectives through the threat or use of violence.
1. Cultural Terrorist Groups- terrorist group whose members share a common cultural or religious identity.
-Cultural NGOs and terrorist groups
*Hezbolla- in Lebanon, Shia Islam
2. Ideological Terrorist Group- members share a common political ideology.
- Earth Liberation Front (ELF)
3. Crime Syndicates - international drug cartels and mafias
*Joaquin Guzman Loera, Sinaloa Drug Cartel, Mexico

Front 44

Dependency Theory

Explanations for Poverty and Inequality

Back 44

*Global capitalism* creates an unequal and exploitative international division of labor between Global North and Global South countries
1. Comes from Marxist theory
2. At global/systemic level. Look at structure of int'l econ system
3. Colonial origins, maintained through capitalism
- GS is exploited for resources, cheap labor and imports manufactured products.
4. Significant changes to domestic and int'l economic institutions are necessary to achieve greater equality(socialist economic principles)
-Hugo Chavez, Daniel Ortega, Raul Castro

Front 45

Modernization Theory

Explanations for Poverty and Inequality

Back 45

Developing states are impoverished due to their own *internal characteristics* that impede their economic development.
-State level of analysis
1. Social Characteristics- high illiteracy and low levels of education.
2. Political Characteristics:
a. Political instability and conflict
b. Corrupt and authoritarian gov't
3. Economic Characeristics:
a. Lack of Investment Capital
b. Lack of infrastructure and technology
c. Lack of ecological resources

Solution:
Global North can provide the missing components of development, especially *investment capital*
-Washington Consensus(strings attached)- Economic growth in the Global South can be best achieved through democracy, free market capitalism, and fiscal discipline(Royal Bank, IMF)

Front 46

Global South Soln's (Poverty/Inequality)

Back 46

1. Commodity Cartel
2. Export-Led Industrialization
3. Regional Trade Regime
4. Micro-finance
5. International Organizations

Front 47

Commodity Cartel

Global South Soln's (Poverty/Inequality)

Back 47

“. . . an organization of the producers of a commodity that seeks to regulate the pricing and production of that commodity to increase revenue” (p. 295).

*Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)-only truly successful example

Front 48

Export-Led Industrialization

Global South Soln's (Poverty/Inequality)

Back 48

Economic strategy that promotes the export of manufactured goods.

Global East- China, India, Taiwan, Singapore

Front 49

Regional Trade Regime

Global South Soln's (Poverty/Inequality)

Back 49

Promote trade between member states by reducing trade barriers (e.g. tariffs).

*Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
*MERCOSUR

Front 50

Microfinance

Global South Soln's (Poverty/Inequality)

Back 50

Providing small loans to the poor to help start or expand a small business.

Front 51

International Organizations

Back 51

Use numerical advantage in international organizations to promote issues important to the developing world.

Group of 77: coalition of Global South countries in the UN General Assembly