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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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UN Definition of Human Rights
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“ inalienable and inviolable rights of all members of the human family”.
Described as: universal, irrespective of any other classification, characteristic, geography, means. |
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Documents that affected UN Declaration of Rights
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- British Magna Carta 1215
- English Bill of Rights 1689 - US Declaration of Independence 1776 and - Constitution 1989 - Fr. Declaration of Man and of Citizen 1789 - US Bill of Rights 1791 |
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What world event sparked the creation of the Declaration of Rights?
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WW2
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When was the Declaration of Rights published?
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1948
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Describe first generation human rights. How many articles?
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20 Articles
In US, we call these civil rights and include political rights. E.g. freedom, liberty, no discrimination |
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Describe the second generation of human rights? How many articles?
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5 articles
Social and Economic rights – the right to work, social security leisure , education etc |
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Describe the third generation of human rights. How many articles?
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2 articles
The right to solidarity (independence, unionization, trade unions) |
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Universalism
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The idea that everyone possesses these rights as found in the UDHR.
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UDHR
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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Relativism
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certain customs that are thought by some to violate human rights, are considered legitimate, long-standing cultural or religious practices by others.
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Challenges for implementing HR
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- Some countries sign with no intention of implementing
- Some countries, regardless of HR record, do not want to submit to jurisdiction of world bodies. |
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Ad - hoc courts
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Formed, arranged, or done for a particular purpose only.
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Examples of Ad - hoc courts (after 1989)
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- International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) - Special Court for Sierra Leone - Cambodian Genocide Program (CGP) - Timor Leste: Ad Hoc Tribunal and Special Panels for Serious Crimes |
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Examples of Ad - hoc courts (before 1989)
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WW2 trials in Nuremberg and Tokyo
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ICC 40 year inactivity
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1946 - 1986
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When was the ICC established?
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1998
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How many judges with the ICC?
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21
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ICC Jurisdiction
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genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
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Regional HR Organizations
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- European Commission on Human Rights, 1950
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court on Human Rights, 1978 - African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights, 2004 |
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War on terror as an excuse to violate HR
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- Arbitrary arrest, prolonged detention
- Torture - Growth in arms sales and military aid to regimes with poor humanitarian records |
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When was the first election in Uganda & who was elected?
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1996; Museveni
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What happened in 2000 in Uganda?
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The people voted in favor of Museveni's "no party" system.
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LRA
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- Lords resistance army
- Want the country led according to the 10 commandments - Leader is Prophet Joseph Kony |
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LRA violence
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- 30,000 children abducted
- Child soldiers 90% of army |
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UNICEF -Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)
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Identifies the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children (under 18)
“the right to survival; to develop to the fullest; to protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life. “ First Optional Protocol: restricts the participation of children in military conflicts |
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Two countries that have not signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child
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US & Somalia
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Examples of HR NGOs
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Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, the International League for Human Rights, Cultural Survival, the International Commission of Jurists, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and Physicians for Human Rights
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International Political Economy (IPE)
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how economics and politics intertwine
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Gross National Product (GNP)
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also called gross national income (GNI), is the value of all domestic and international economic activity by a country’s citizens and business.
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
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he value of all economic activity within a country by its own and foreign individuals and companies.
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Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
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asks how much money would be needed to purchase the same goods and services in two countries. Exchange rate.
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Realism & IPE
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- Economic Nationalism
- the realpolitik belief that the state should use its economic strength to further national interests. By extension, economic nationalists also advocate using a state’s power to build its economic strength. - To accomplish their ends, economic nationalists rely on a number of political-economic strategies such as exploiting weaker countries. - Zero - sum game |
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Liberalism & IPE
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- Economic Internationalism
- Capitalism - believe that international economic relations should and can be conducted cooperatively because, in their view, the international economy is a non-zero-sum game in which prosperity is available to all. |
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Structuralism & IPE:
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- the world is divided between have and have-not countries and that the haves (the EDCs) work to keep the have nots (the LDCs) weak and poor in order to exploit them. To change this, economic structuralists favor a radical restructuring of the economic system to end the uneven distribution of wealth and power.
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3 subsets of Structuralism:
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- Marxist theory
- Dependency theory - World Systems theory |
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Marxist Theory
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He argued in Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916) that capitalist, bourgeois leaders had duped their proletariat workers into supporting the exploitation of other proletariat peoples through imperialism. Thus, the class struggle also included an international class struggle between bourgeois and proletariat countries and peoples.
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Dependency Theory
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Dependency theorists contend that the EDCs’ exploitation of the LDCs is driven by the EDCs’ need for cheap primary products (such as oil), large external markets for the EDCs’ expensive manufactured goods, profitable investment opportunities, and low-wage labor.
Wealthy countries want poor countries to be dependent on them. |
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World Systems Theory
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contend that the evolution of the Western-dominated capitalist system has distorted development, leaving vast economic, social, and political disparities between the core (the EDCs) of the international system and the periphery (the LDCs).
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Factors Driving Expanding Trade
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- Improved production technology
- Increased demand for resources to supply factories (so they go to china) - Materialism - Improved transportation - Free trade philosophy |
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Bretton Woods Agreement
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A landmark system for monetary and exchange rate management established in 1944. The Bretton Woods Agreement was developed at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, from July 1 to July 22, 1944. Even as World War II raged on, 730 delegates from the 44 Allied nations attended the conference.
Major outcomes of the Bretton Woods conference included the formation of the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and, most importantly, the proposed introduction of an adjustable pegged foreign exchange rate system. Currencies were pegged to gold and the IMF was given the authority to intervene when an imbalance of payments arose. |
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Bretton Woods created 3 IGOs:
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IMF, World Bank, WTO
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Problem with Bretton Wood?
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Conditionality
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
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involves buying a major stake in foreign companies or real estate
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Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)
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in stocks and bonds on a smaller scale that does not involve controlling companies or owning real estate.
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Who accounts for most of the world's FDI?
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MNCs
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EDCs
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Economically developed countries; northern hemisphere
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LDCs
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Least developed countries; southern hemisphere.
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Factors for Development in the South
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- Economic diversification
- Limited reliance on primary goods - International market and investment access - Stable currencies - Human infrastructure - Technological and physical infrastructure |
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The UN
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Center for transnational Cooperation
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The WTO
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- Membership expanded from 23 to 153
- Trade negotiations - Case Study: Doha Rounds |
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The IMF
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- Criticisms
- Voting based of financial contribution - Conditionality - Capitalistic - Defense Just doing what is right |
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The World Bank
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Established post WWII to promote economic growth
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, 1946) International Development Association (IDA 1960) Multilateral Investment Agency (MIGA 1988) |
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The World Bank Controversy
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Conditionality
Structural Adjustment Programs of the early 90s (ESAP) Capitalism Challenging Sovereignty Demands to change political policy |
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The G-8
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The world's 8 largest economies:
US UK Canada France Italy Russia Japan Germany |
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Regional Economic Institutions
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Organization for Economic cooperation and Development (OECD, 1961)
The Group of Eight (G-8) North American Free Trade Free Trade of the Americas The Southern Common Market (Mercosur) Asian and the Pacific (SEAN) |
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Name any two advantages of being a part of NAFTA for the US:
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- Cheaper prices
- Less red tape |
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Name any two disadvantages of being a part of NAFTA for the US:
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-Overpopulation in developed countries
-Ethnicity/cultural tensions |
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What is foreign aid?
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- Money given to poorer states by wealthy states to aid their economic growth.
- The goal for most donors is to assist countries with similar interests to increase their capacities economic or otherwise. - History the first major form of foreign aid was the Marshall Plan. |
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Marshall Plan
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was the large-scale American program to aid Europe where the United States gave monetary support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War II in order to prevent the spread of Soviet communism. Began in 1948.
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Bilateral Development Assistance (30%)
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Development assistance programs are designed chiefly to foster sustainable broad-based economic progress and social stability in developing countries e.g. HIV AIDS projects, Peace Corps, Millennium Challenge about 30%
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Economic Aid Supporting U.S. political and security objectives (26%).
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Programs that support U.S interests e.g. democratization and peace processes in the Middle East
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Humanitarian Assistance (12%)
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Short-term projects that usually assist in Disasters etc
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Multilateral Assistance (8%)
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AID to international organizations e.g. the UN, World Bank ..here the U.S. tends to collaborate with other nations
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Military Assistance (23%)
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Military support to friends and Allies in trouble e.g. support to Uganda
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Population Structure
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How the population is distributed across different cleavages- age, sex, education
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Population Distribution
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How are people distributed across countries, regions (urban vs. rural)
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Population Distribution Impacts....
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- Jobs
- Social services e.g. post offices - Infrastructure e.g. roads, schools and hospitals - Urban cities tend to be more densely populated vs. rural areas..think high rise apartments - China’s billion people are densely populated |
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Migration
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movement of people from one region of the country to another, from one country to the next.
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How many immigrants in the world?
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191 Million
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20% of immigrants live in the...
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US
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30% of immigrants live in...
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Europe
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Women constitute ____ of all immigrants.
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50%
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Reasons for emigration
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- Politics
- Economy |
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Impacts of emigration on host country:
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- Drug and criminal trafficking
- Cultural Differences can cause tension - Pressure on public services - Unlawful and unfair treatment in the work place |
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Impacts of emigration on sending country:
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- Brain Drain
- Political out lash - Drug and criminal trafficking - Pressure on public services |
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Fertility
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The average number of
children a woman will have in her lifetime. US this is about 2.1 in Zimbabwe about 3.6 |
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Replacement
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The stable fertility rate for a country minus immigration.
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Fecundity
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maximum possible childbearing is sharply reduced by cultural norms, finances and personal choice
fecundity is the potential reproductive capacity of an individual or population. |
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Mortality
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Mortality the incidence of death in a country’s population 1/1000
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Crude death rate
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the number of deaths in a given year for every thousand people in a population.
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Infant mortality
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Per 1,000 deaths of infants under one year of age
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Life expectancy
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The number of years someone is expected to live
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Average life expectancy
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70
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Who has the highest life expectancy
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White & hispanic Females have the highest life expectancy but Japan has the overall highest
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Bottom Billion
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The world has 6 billion people – 5 billion of those are thriving and living well – 1 BILLION are not.
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Poverty Traps
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Corruption
Drought War Education Chronic Poverty Drought Displacement Conflict Bad politics |
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Hunger
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A feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat
Consuming less than 2100 Calories a day over a long period of time |
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Reasons for food shortages
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Falling water tables
Global warming (increasing temperatures) Environmental degradation Overpopulation |
