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81 Cards in this Set
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continent
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any of the seven large continuous land masses that constitute most of the dry land on the surface of the Earth. They are Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.
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peninsula
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a narrow piece of land that juts out from the mainland into an area of water
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monsoon
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a period of heavy rainfall, especially during the summer over South and Southeast Asia
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strait
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a narrow body of water that joins two larger bodies of water
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isthmus
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a narrow strip of land that joins two larger areas of land
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delta
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a triangular deposit of sand and soil at the mouth of a river or inlet
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monotheistic
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the belief that there is only one God, as found in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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polytheistic
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the worship of or belief in more than one deity, especially several deities
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patriarchal
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relating to or characteristic of a culture in which men are the most powerful members
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democracy
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political system in which the people of a country rule through any form of government.
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monarchy
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form of government in which one person has the hereditary right to rule as head of state during his or her lifetime;
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oligarchy
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in political philosophy, form of government in which the supreme power is vested in a few persons
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aristocracy
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form of government in which the sovereign power is vested in a small number of citizens
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dynasty
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succession of European rulers from the same family or group that exercised power over several generations.
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fertile crescent
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Middle Eastern region arching across the northern part of the Syrian Desert and extending from the Nile Valley to the Tigris
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cuneiform
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term applied to a mode of writing utilizing wedge-shaped strokes, inscribed mainly on clay but also on stone,...
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hammurabi's code
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collection of the laws and edicts of the Babylonian king Hammurabi, and the earliest legal code known in its entirety.
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nile river
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ver in northeastern Africa. It is the longest river in the world. The Nile flows from south to north, a distance of 5,584 km (3,470 mi),...
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pharaoh
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(Egyptian “great house”), name originally used by the ancient Egyptians for the palace of their king.
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hieroglyphics
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characters in any system of writing in which symbols represent objects (such as tools, animals, or boats) and ideas (such as motion,
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Rossetta stone
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black stone slab with writing in three scripts that provided the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics.
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Hebrews
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group of tribes of Semitic stock that, according to tradition, migrated from Mesopotamia to Palestine during the 2nd millennium bc...
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Abraham
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biblical patriarch, according to the Book of Genesis (see 11:27-25:10), progenitor of the Hebrews
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caste system
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rigid social system in which a social hierarchy is maintained generation after generation and allows little mobility out of the...
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western wall
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a wall in Jerusalem believed to be part of the Second Temple, destroyed in ad 70 by the Romans. It is used by some Jews as a place for prayer and lamentation.
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covenant
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in Old Testament theology, compact between God and his worshipers.
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India
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officially Republic of India (Hindi Bharat), country in southern Asia, located on the subcontinent of India
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Indus Valley Civilization
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(2500?-1700 bc), earliest known civilization of South Asia, corresponding to the Bronze Age cultures of ancient Egypt,...
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Hinduism
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a religious tradition of Indian origin, comprising the beliefs and practices of Hindus. The word Hindu is derived from the river Sindhu,
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Dharma
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Sanskrit term incorporating a number of interrelated concepts central to Hinduism: the nature of the world, the social order, cosmic law,...
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Reincarnation
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rebirth of soul: in some systems of belief, the cyclic return of a soul to live another life in a new body
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Shiva
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(Sanskrit for “auspicious one”), also called Siva, Hindu god who personifies both the destructive and the procreative forces of the universe....
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Vishnu
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major god of Hinduism and Indian mythology, popularly regarded as the preserver of the universe.
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Mauyra Dynasty
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succession of European rulers from the same family or group that exercised power over several generations.
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Asoka
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?-232 bc), third king of the Maurya dynasty, who ruled almost the whole of the Indian subcontinent from about 269 to 232 bc (Mauryan Empire...
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Gupta Dynasty
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(320-550?), line of rulers of ancient India. Among the most important of India’s early unifiers, the dynasty controlled an empire...
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Buddhism
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a major world religion, founded in northeastern India and based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is known as the Buddha,
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Sidhartha Guatama
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(563?-483?bc), Indian philosopher and the founder of Buddhism, born in Lumbinī, Nepal. He was the son of the head of the Sakya warrior.
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Middle Way
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in Buddhism, the path to enlightenment, which avoids the extremes of indulgence and asceticism. Also called the middle path.
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four noble truths
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(Sanskrit Catvari-Arya-Satyani), the four fundamental principles of Buddhism, expounded by the Buddha, the founder of Buddhism,...
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enlightenment
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the realization of spiritual or religious understanding, or, especially in Buddhism, the state attained when the cycle of reincarnation ends and human desire and suffering are transcended
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nirvana
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in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, the attainment of enlightenment and freeing of the spiritual self from attachment to worldly things, ending the cycle of birth and rebirth
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Middle Kingdom
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the former Chinese Empire, so called because it was supposedly at the center of the world
a period of Egyptian history from the late 11th dynasty, approximately 2040 bc, to the 13th dynasty, 1670 bc |
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Confucianism
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an intellectual, political, and religious tradition, or school of thought, that developed a distinct identity in the 5th century bc...
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Daoism
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Chinese philosophy and religion, dating from about the 4th century bc. Among native Chinese schools of thought,
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Legalism
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Legalism differed from both Confucianism and Daoism in its narrow focus on statecraft. Thinkers like Han Fei (280?-233? bc) reasoned that the extreme disorders of their day called for new and drastic measures. They rejected the Confucian theory that strong government depended on the moral quality of the ruler and his officials and their success in winning over the people. Rather, they argued, it depended on effective systems of rewards and punishments. To ensure his power, the ruler had to keep his officials in line with strict rules and regulations and his people obedient with predictably enforced laws.
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Qin Shi Huangdi
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was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BCE to 221 BCE during the Warring States Period.[3] He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BCE
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Han China
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The Han Dynasty followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Han Dynasty was ruled by the family known as the Liu clan who had peasant origins. The reign of the Han Dynasty, lasting over 400 years.
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Civil Service
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One of the oldest examples of a civil service based on meritocracy is the Imperial bureaucracy of China, which can be traced as far back as the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC).
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sub-continent
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A subcontinent is a large, relatively self-contained landmass forming a subdivision of a continent.
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bureaucracy
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ureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science referring to the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of legal rules are socially organized. Four structural concepts are central to any definition of bureaucracy:
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Silk Road
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are an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, including North Africa and Europe.
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Persian Empire
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formed under the Median Empire (728 BC-559 BC) after defeating and ending the Assyrian Empire with the help of Babylonians.
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Zoroastrianism
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is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings ascribed to the prophet Zoroaster, after whom the religion is named. Was once the dominant religion of much of Greater Iran, and was a formative influence on that region's history and traditions
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Cyrus and Darius I
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he Younger, son of Darius II of Persia (Dārayavahuš) and Parysatis , was a Persian prince and general .
The Great Pasargadae was too well associated with the previous dynasty of Cyrus and Cambyses and so Darius sought a new capital. |
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Byzantine
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and Eastern Roman Empire are conventional names used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople.
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Patriarch/Patriarchy
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is the structuring of society on the basis of family units, where fathers have primary responsibility for the welfare of, and authority over, their families.
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Icon
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is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, from Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
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Justinian's code
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The Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name[1] for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor.
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Justinian
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482 or 483 CE– 13th or 14th of November 565, was the second member of the Justinian Dynasty (after his uncle, Justin I) and Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death.
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Constantinople
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was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire (330–395), the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire
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Vladimir
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He became ruler (knyaz) of Bulgaria when his father Boris-Mihail I decided to retire to a monastery after a reign of 36 years.
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Cyrillic
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The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet.
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Cyrillic alphabet
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was a writing system developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century
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Muhammad
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is the central human figure of the religion of Islam
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Allah
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is the standard Arabic word for 'God
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Independent variable
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a variable that is manipulated in an experiment in order to observe the effect on another variable
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Dependant variable
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the variable that is being observed under the independent variable
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Constant
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– the one variable that remains the same in all test products
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Compound light microscope
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a microscope consisting of two lenses or lens systems and an eyepiece, mounted in a tube
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Acid
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a sour-tasting compound that releases hydrogen ions to form a solution with a pH of less than 7, reacts with a base to form a salt, and turns blue litmus red.
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organ
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a complete and independent part of a plant or animal that has a specific function
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organ system
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a system of organs within the body of living organisms
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cytoplasm
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- the complex of chemical compounds and structures within a plant or animal cell excluding the nucleus. mitochondria - a small round or rod-shaped body that is found in the cytoplasm of most cells and produces enzymes for the metabolic conversion of food to energy
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consumer
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in an ecological community or food chain, an organism that feeds on other organisms, or on material derived from them. Consumers include herbivorous and carnivorous animals, which feed on plants and other animals respectively, and also organisms such as worms, fungi, and bacteria, which feed on nonliving organic material.
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Grana
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a stack of thin layers in a chloroplast in which the green pigment chlorophyll is contained
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Electron transport chain
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couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane, through a set of mediating biochemical reactions. These H+ ions are used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main energy intermediate in living organisms, as they move back across the membrane. Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy from sunlight (photosynthesis) and from redox reactions such as the burning of sugars (respiration).
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Chromosome
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a rod-shaped structure, usually found in pairs in a cell nucleus, that carries the genes that determine sex and the characteristics an organism inherits from its parents. A human body cell usually contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
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Gene
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the basic unit capable of transmitting characteristics from one generation to the next.
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Centromere
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the point at which two parts chromatids of a chromosome join and at which the spindle fibers are attached during cell division mitosis
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Crossing over
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the interchange of segments between homologous chromosomes during cell division meiosis, resulting in new combinations of gene types alleles and therefore variability in inherited characteristics
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