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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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7.1 If you look at the map on p. 158, you see that the Persian Empire incorporated 3 of the original river valley civilizations: why is that important and what does it tell you? What was special (p. 156) about the extent and composition of the Persian Empire? |
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7.2 Who founded the Persian Empire and how did he do so? |
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7.3 The Persian Empire was much larger than any previous one, such as the Assyrian empire. As shown by the discussion on pp. 157-58, what tools and systems did the Persians use to control and administer such a large empire? |
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7.4 Large empires also bring large problems. What factors led to the decline and then fall of the Persian Empire (pp. 159-60)? |
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7.4 (a) Go back to Chapter 3, p. 65, “Eastern Mediterranean Environments:” the most important item here relates to Greece: what particular element of Greek geography influenced its political configuration? |
mountain terrain separated Greece, resulted in formation of city states (polis= city state) |
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7.5: One could argue that the polis, the basis of Greek society (pp. 161-62), was the opposite of the Persian Empire – how and why? |
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7.7: By the 500s, Athens and Sparta had emerged as the 2 most important and powerful cities (poleis) in Greece. Going by the information on pp. 162-63, what were the most important differences between these two states? The “agricultural slaves” ruled by the Spartans were called “helots.” |
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7.8 `With respect to Athens it is key to know about Solon and Cleisthenes: what is important about them? How did their governments differ? |
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7.9: Pages 163-64 discuss Greek rationality, i.e., their interest in the use of reason. We see this especially in mathematics (a Greek word) and, to a limited extent, science. Notice the discussion on p. 164 of Thales, Democritus, and Heracleitus: what central part of modern science is missing from their work? |
they don’t experiment- only speculate |
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7.11: The discussion of Greek society, pp. 165-66, is problematic. Lockard says, for instance, that in Greek society, “Free women could not vote, hold office, or serve on juries,” making them exactly like all women in the United States prior to the early 20th century. What do you make of that? |
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7.12: Greece vs. Persia: what are the dates of the 2 wars between Greece and Persia? What were the main events and outcomes of those 2 wars? |
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7.13: who won the Peloponnesian War? The third paragraph on p. 169 states the long-term result of the war: what was it? |
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7.14: As Lockard states, the legacy of Alexander the Great’s conquests is given the name Hellenism, which he defines as “a widespread culture that combined western Asian (mainly Persian) and Greek (Hellenic) characteristics.” Looking over the next few pages, what would you say are the Persian characteristics of Hellenism and what were the Greek characteristics? |
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7.15: As we find out on p. 172, however, Alexander’s empire soon fragmented: what happened to it? |
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7.16: What made Hellenistic society different from Greek society during the time of the polis (pp. 172-73)?Hellenistic: not independent -> less emphasis on individual independence |
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7.17 |
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7.18 |
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2.13 We encountered the phenomenon of migration in Chapter 1: both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa into the rest of the world. The Aryan migration into India, however, was different from the above migrations – how? Use the information given on pp. 44-45. THINK HISTORICALLY and come up with at least two differences. |
Aryans were invaders who conquered native Indian people, and incorporated aspects of their culture, forming a new society, while Homo Erectus and Sapiens migrated to places where nobody from their species lived, they simply picked up their cultures and moved them- integrationthe Aryans traveled with the help of Horses while Homo Erectus and Sapiens went by foot- purely migration |
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2.14 What kind of governments or states did the Aryans set up in India? |
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2.15: pp. 45-46 discuss the caste system. Where does it come from? Why was such a system set up? What are its positive and negative aspects? |
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2.17: See the excerpts from the Laws of Manu (Doc. 6); read the excerpt and note what significant things you find. |
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5.1: As discussed on p. 110, the caste system became more and more enmeshed with Indian life – how? |
Facets of life like diet (higher castes become vegetarians), occupation, and whom one can marry are all dictated by one’s caste. |
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5.2: The various subdivisions of the caste system reinforced power relations in the Indian society – how? |
people in lower castes believed they were born into them because they had sinned in past life |
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5.3: You can argue that the caste system had positive influences on Indian society: “To a great extent, the caste system and religious encouragement in the faithful performance of caste duties did for Indian life what more conventional government structure did in many other cultures, in promoting public order.” (Peter Stearns, World History in Brief, p. 81). Why would that be and what would that mean about Indian government? |
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5.4: Just as the caste system developed over time, so did Hindu beliefs, as discussed on pp. 111-112. The Upanishads record a “new spirituality”: what was this new spirituality and how did it manifest itself? |
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5.5 Jainism and Buddhism grew out of Hinduism (pp. 112-13). Unlike Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism have founders, historical people who formed the religion. Mahavira, the founder of Jainism, lived c. 500 BC/BCE. As our book says, Jainism never became a great world religion, but its message of respecting all living things has had a tremendous legacy in Indian thought, and thus forms part of the legacy of the Axial Age. |
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5.6: Unlike Jainism, Buddhism is one of the most practiced religions in the world. Several of the beliefs of Siddhartha Gautama (traditional dates are c. 563-483 BC/BCE but maybe 480-400) came out of Hinduism – where do you see that? He also, however, made a critique of Hinduism – where is that apparent? |
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5.7: The Buddha apparently founded the practice of monasticism – what IS monasticism? How can monasticism itself be seen as an outgrowth of Hinduism? |
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5.8: Empire came to India long after it had appeared in the Near East. The first empire of India, the Mauryan Empire (322-185 BC/BCE), founded by Chandragupta, resulted from contact with other cultures. Re-read the section on Alexander the Great, pp. 171-72. How did the invasion of India by Alexander the Great affect the formation of the Mauryan Empire? How was Chandragupta like Sargon, Cyrus, and Alexander? |
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5.9: Lockard, toward the bottom of p. 114, calls the Mauryan Empire “the most efficient government in the classical world.” What features of that government does he emphasize? What features that he mentions have you seen before in Part I? |
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5.10: What strikes you the most in the account of King Ashoka (who ruled 269-232 BC/BCE) on p. 116? What attitude did he have toward religions that were not his own? What specific actions did he undertake to spread Buddhism? Read Doc. 7. |
King Ashoka is accepting of all religion -> no criticism without a good cause |
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5.11: What are the bases of the above critiques of Buddhism? |
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5.12: As a response, Buddhism split (what other religions have split during the course of their histories?) into two different schools, THERAVADA and MAHAYANA (p. 119). What are the principal differences between these two schools (which survive today)? How did the geographic distribution of Buddhism change over this time period? |
Theravada Buddhism:
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5.13: As Lockard states on p. 119, Indians consider the era of the Gupta Empire (ca. 350-550 AD/CE) their Golden Age. What are the Gupta accomplishments in the following areas:EconomyToleranceSocietyMathematics |
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5.14: The Gupta Empire also ended – when and how? |
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5.15: Pages 124-25 discuss the phenomenon of Indianization – what is it and how and where do we see it? |
Indianization:
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