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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Galileo
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(1564-1642/ Italian) Using a new and more powerful telescope, Galileo discovered sunspots showing that the sun had blemished and was not perfect. He also discovered the moon was “uneven” and that the moons of Jupiter (which he discovered) revolved around something other than the earth which supported the heliocentric theory. He was convicted of heresy and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. He was important because he suggested the idea of an infinite universe and further backed up Copernicus’ idea of heliocentrism. He also did research into the velocity of falling objects.
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Sir Isaac Newton
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(1642-1727/English) He invented calculus, discovered that white light is a mixture of different colors through refraction, and that “all bodies whatsoever are endowed with a principle of mutual gravitation.” He laid down his ideas, including the three laws of motion, in his book Principia. He was important because his work led to the idea that the heavens and the earth were not so different after all because the laws of motion on earth obeyed the same natural laws that governed the orbiting planets.
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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He was King Louis XIV’s minister of finance who wrote the Instructions for Intendants (1680). These intendants were instruments of royal authority that were not native to the area. The instructions basically told them exactly what their duties were to the king and how they should respond to certain things. He is significant because he was a big party of Louis’ empire and helped facilitate French state building at the time.
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La Noche Triste
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On June 30, 1520, the massacre of the nobles prompted citywide uprising against the Spanish in Tenochtitlan who were forced to flee amid ferocious fighting. Some 600 Spaniards and thousands of their Tlaxcala allies died. It is known as La Noche Triste by the Spaniards while the Aztecs felt completely different and considered it a great triumph. It is significant because it was a major revolt against the Spanish and offered a temporary respite from the European invaders.
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Factories (i.e., trading posts)
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Used in the trading companies, they were created as a place for merchants to live and trade. Products and materials come in and out of the factory to be used to create and buy/sell products. They were significant because they played a big part in the buying and selling of goods and were a central location for the different trading companies.
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Musk
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A spice used in the spice trade that comes from a gland of the musk deer in Asia or Tibet. It was used for perfume, medicine, and aphrodisiacs. It was also used as a medicine in China that was used to treat inflammatory diseases as well as others. It is significant because it was a major spice traded during the time and perfumes and such were major tradable goods.
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Olaudah Equiano
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Born into what is now the Igbo-speaking region of Nigeria around 1745, he was seized from his home when he was 11 and sold into the Atlantic slave trade. He went through three different owners and learned to read and write, traveled as a seaman on one of his master’s ships, and bought freedom in 1766. He settled in England and became a prominent voice in the abolitionist movement in the late 18th century and wrote an account of his life with a book published in 1789. He is a significant member of the abolitionist movement seeing as he actually experienced slavery and later fought against it.
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King Affonso I
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He was the monarch of Kongo and originally named Nzinga Mbemba. He fought to curtail the traffic of slaves in Africa in Kongo (present day Angola). They though allying with the Portuguese and taking on their religion and studying with them would help them, but at the beginning of the 16th century, Kongo was in disarry and the authority of its ruler greatly undermined. He wrote letters to King Jao of Portugal in 1526 explaining his dissatisfaction and such. He is significant because he was one of the few African elite who believed the slave trade should stop and actually tried to stop working with the Europeans.
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Taki Onqoy
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Known as the dancing sickness, it was a religious revivalist movement in central Peru in the 1560s. Possessed by the spirits of local gods, traveling dancers and teachers predicted that an alliance of Andean deities would soon overcome the Christian God, inflict the Europeans with the same diseases they brought to the Americas, and restore the world of the Andes to an imagined earlier harmony. They called on native peoples to cut off all contact with the Spanish, to rejection Christian worship, and to return to traditional practices. It was significant because it was a major attack on Christianity in the Americas and showed how unhappy the peoples really were.
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Wang Yangming
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(1472-1529) He was a prominent Chinese philosopher, state official, and general who contested the form of Confucianism that emphasized strenuous educational efforts. He had a more individualistic, inner-directed Confucianism that allowed ordinary people to achieve sagehood. He explicitly rejected both Buddhism and Daoism but drew on the interior emphasis of both traditions. He was significant because he contested the version of Confucianism that the Ming Dynasty mainly practiced and his ideas were seen as undermining the Ming dynasty and contributed to China’s conquest by the Manchus.
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Wahhabis
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Islamic scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) believed that the growing difficulties of the Islamic world, such as the weakening of the Ottoman empire, were directly related to deviations from the pure faith of early Islam. This led to the Wahhabi movement which was soon backed by Muhammad Ibn Saud, a local ruler, in the 1740s. The religious movement became expanisve in central Arabia where much was outlawed and focus came upon widows and orphans and the proper share of the wealth for women. It encompassed much of central Arabia by the early nineteenth century and Arabia was under control of the Wahhabias as of 1803. The movement continued throughout the Islamic world and was significant because it helped signal the continuing cultural vitality of the “abode of Islam.”
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Robespierre
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He led the Terror from 1793-1794 in Europe with has Committee of Public Safety after King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed. Tens of thousands deemed enemies of the revolution were beheaded on the guillotine. When his political rivals suspected he was going to turn on them, he was sent to the guillotine on July 28, 1794 accused of leading France into tyranny and dictatorship. He was significant because his Terror shocked traditionalists all over Europe and marked a new stage in revolutionary violence.
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Napoleon
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A French general who seized power and ruled from 1799-1814, he is often credited with taming the revolution in the face of growing disenchantment with its more radical features and with the social conflicts it generated. He claimed to be saving the empire and crowned himself emporer in 1804. He fought a series of wars with France’s European neighbors and subdued most of Europe creating the continent’s largest empire since the days of the Romans. He ended feudalism, proclaimed equality of rights, insisted on religious toleration, etc. He tried to reimpose slavery in 1802 in Saint-Domingue, but failed. He also sold the Louisiana Territory to the US. He was significant because he kept the revolution’s emphasis on social equality and greatly enhanced the European countries he ruled, but dispensed with liberty for the people.
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Touissant Louverture
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He led the slave revolt known as the Haitian Revolution. He was a black man born into slavery but free since 1769. He was aided by Spain and Britain against revolutionary France and he later became an officer in the Spanish army. After the French republic offered freedom to any slaves who fought against the Spanish and British (which led to the abolition of slavery in 1794), Toussaint went back to the French and expelled the British and Spanish in 1798. He was significant because he led the Haitian Revolution which succeeded in ending slavery in Haiti.
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Simon Bolivar
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Born in Caracas, Venezuela, he came from an old, wealthy and aristocratic family. He was a significant political and military leader who struggled to successfully end Spanish colonial rule, but did not achieve his lifelong dream of a federation among the various newly independent republic of Latin America.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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She was a women’s right activist in the 19th century who published a Women’s Bible where she eliminated the parts that she found offensive. She is significant because she was a major women’s suffrage activist who is often credited with initiating the first organized women’s rights and women’s suffrage movements in the United States.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
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This was a document created by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution ad was adopted at the end of August 1789. It states that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” and they have the rights of “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”. It is similar to the Declaration of Independence. It is significant because it was viewed as the philosophical core of the French Revolution and helped end it.
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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She wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) in response to French diplomat Charles Talleyrand who had recently advocated a very limited and domestic education for women. She was stimulated by the French revolution. Her work was one of the earliest expressions of a female consciousness and she is significant because she is an important women’s rights activist of the time.
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Frederick Douglass
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Born a slave in 1818, he escaped bondage to become a leading abolitionist, writer, newspaper publisher, and African American spokesperson. He highlighted in his speech What to the Slave is the Fourth of July? the idea that though it says “all men are created equal” in the Declaration of Independence, it was in constrast to the brutal realities of slavery. This speech was addressed at an antislavery meeting in Rochester, New York, on July 4th, 1852. He is significant because he was an important figure in the abolishment of slavery.
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Raden Adjeng Kartini
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She was a young Javanese woman from an aristocratic family who had become fluent in Dutch, the language of the Netherlands, the colonial power that ruled her country. She wrote Letter to a Friend to her Dutch friend that described the negative impact of European thinking on her own outlook and life. She is significant because she is known as a pioneer in the area of women’s rights for native Indonesians.
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