Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How was Europe, a region that was previously lagging behind in the Old World Web, able to develop so rapidly in the period 1450-1800, and how was, according to the McNeills, Europe different from the other regions in the Old World Web in this period? |
Ship design Increase in navigational knowledge State sponsorship Scientific revolution Start with navigation and astronomy Biggest contestant was China Ming dynasty – xenophobia Islamic empires? India? |
|
|
What were the consequences of colonialist expansion on the African region, and how did this impact Africa’s economic, political and cultural connections to the human web? 1450-1800 |
First major maritime expansion Economic Slave trade Development stable trade routes Political Slave trade state development Greater inequality Cultural Changing of cultural practices Conversion to Islam |
|
|
How were the other regions that the McNeills talk about (America, Siberia, Oceania) affected by their sudden incorporation to the Worldwide Web, and what impact did their new connection into the Worldwide Web have on their own internal economic, political and cultural systems? 1450-1800 |
Americas Previously loosely interactive web – trade along shorelines Decimation population Disintegration of empires Great cultural change Siberia One of few examples of overland expansion Hunting and gathering Easily conquered Intermarriage, introduction Russian language and Orthodox church Oceania Previously least developed web incorporation worldwide web in 18th century Growth cosmopolitan ports Diseases19th century European political annexation Massive conversion to Christianity Political Warfare Improvement in communication Religions lost function as bureaucratic tool Logistics increasingly important in warfare Military revolutions led to decline of nomadic power and to tighter grip on regions by powerful militaristic nations |
|
|
How was the Old World Web affected by its connection to other webs, and in what way did previous existing economic, political and cultural connections change due to this process of globalization? 1450-1800 |
General Exchange crops, animals and goods Population growth – more complex hierarchies Faster and wider movement of information Economic Primacy of sea trade over overland trade Urbanization – old centers of power in Old World Web profited from globalization of trade Cultural / religious Invention printing press led to wider spread of portable religions Muslims rejected printing press as desecration of Quran India; rule of Mughal emperors led to more influence of Islam Religious schism in Europe Reformation - Martin Luther |
|
|
What technological advances were made in the period 1750-1914, and how did it, according to the McNeills, make the new web tighter and faster? |
Industrial Revolution --> Telegraph, coal, steam energy, rail roads Breaking of old constraints – fossil fuels Tightening web – improved transportation Diseases became endemic |
|
|
How did the new web transform the basis of politics, and what was the role of nationalism? 1750-1914 |
Changing of political systems Connection between trade and politics Revolutions – French Revolution John Locke; legitimate government can only come from consent of the governed“ Nationalism is the sense of solidarity among people who believe themselves to comprise a nation,” |
|
|
What were the impacts of the Industrial Revolution on the United Kingdom, the Americas, Asia and Africa, and how did it possibly help to consolidate the ongoing dominance of industrialized countries? 1750-1914 |
Great Britain Construction of canals Coal – high energy society Innovations 1780 – 1830; textile and iron industry, factory system 1820 – 1870; iron, coal, and steam engines, joint- stock companies, liberal state engaged in empire building Americas Third cluster of innovations 1850 – 1920; coal, steel railways, telegraphs, chemicals and electricity Innovation came from United States and Germany Start of mass industry Role of organized science after 1860 – cooperation business and universities especially in fields of chemistry and engineering ASIA India and GB Iran – decline of industry Ottoman Empire – collapse of textile industry Russia – start of industrialization, abolishment serfdom, state-sponsorship Japan – (forced) opening up, Meiji reforms China – Western influence, Opium wars AFRICA Colonization exception of Ethiopia |
|
|
Impact of Industrial Revolution 1750-1914 |
It spread unevenly GB became dominant power Socio-political changes Tightening web State-sponsorship in order to industrialize Failures to industrialize – India, Egypt, China |
|
|
How did industrialization change the daily lives in the industrial heartlands and throughout the world, and how were social hierarchies affected? 1750-1914 |
Industrial heartlands Affected daily lifes Socio-political changes – revolutionary creeds Unionization after 1900 Russia and Japan Russia –workers formers serfs deteriorated into nearly slave status Revolutionary change - Marxism Japan – Workers often young women accustomed to obey men New religious sects Rest of the world Deal with intensification of demand for certain commodities Abolishment of slavery |
|
|
In the age of increasing economic flows, converging political systems, and overall technologization, how did religion and religious attitudes change, including their relation to science? What was the relationship between imperialism and religion? 1914-1941 |
Change religious attitudes was clearly related to overall social change Technological transformations in telecommunications Convergence in political culture Standardization in science – science becomes increasingly complex “unusual dynamism and instability in religious life” Spread Christianity & Islam, Elimination and marginalization of local religions, novel religious creeds & secularization “Imperialism produced diverse religious reactions” |
|
|
Why do the McNeills describe the period between 1914 and 1941 as a ‘retreat from globalization’ and what effects, according to them, did this ‘retreat’ have? What were the factors facilitating and impeding globalization during this time? |
19th century convergence in fields of economy, politics and culture WW I – stagnation Fragmented political landscape Authoritarian political regimes & economic autarky Financial crisis – Great Depression State-sponsored industrialization Consequences? Appearance dictatorships Attempted colonial expansion Competition Development autarkic regimes Cooperation Tariff agreements, Comintern, anti-colonial movements, women’s emancipation movements |
|
|
According to the McNeills, the Cold War period was also the time of ‘reglobalization’. How was this process similar to or different from globalization in the 19th-century? 1914-1941 |
US = first global superpower, Continuous development Globalization of politics and economy aimed at avoiding another war New; UN, IMF, WTO, WHO aimed at stability of global (financial) system stable Appearance of the new world order Cold War – NB; Cold War was not all competition US & USSR had a mutual interest in preventing large-scale war |
|
|
What were the main forms of colonialism in the 20th century? Why did the world begin to increasingly decolonize after World War I and what were the patterns of decolonization? |
Unraveling of empires after 1918 Strains of total war Impact of nationalism Diffusion of information & faster communication Arts of political mobilization McNeill’s describe decolonization as 3-wave movement Post-WWI; USSR, Turkey, Balkan Post-WWII; Asia, Africa and China Post-Cold War: Eurasia |
