Global Health Midterm

Front 1

Morbidity

Back 1

Measure of disease incidence or prevalence in a given grouping of interest

Front 2

Mortality

Back 2

Measure of deaths in a grouping of interest

Front 3

Health (WHO definition)

Back 3

State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

Front 4

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Back 4

1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger

2. Universal Primary Education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

Front 5

Morality

Back 5

Beliefs and standards regarding what is right or wrong

Front 6

Ethics

Back 6

A branch of philosophy that examines the basis of right and wrong and seeks to provide reasons for recommending behavioral norms

Ethics is the THEORY, morality is the PRACTICE

Front 7

Morality

Back 7

Beliefs and standards regarding what is right or wrong

Ethics is the THEORY, morality is the PRACTICE

Front 8

IRB

Back 8

A committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects, to ensure accordance with all federal, institutional, and ethical guidelines

Front 9

Clinical Equipoise

Back 9

The assumption that there is no best treatment in a clinical trial

Front 10

Principles of Bioethics

Back 10

1. Respect for Persons/Autonomy

2. Non-malfeasance

3. Beneficence

4. Justice

Front 11

Epidemiology

Back 11

Incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health

Front 12

Incidence

Back 12

Cases

__________

Persons/Time

Front 13

Cumulative Incidence

Back 13

#subjects developing condition during specific time

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# subjects at risk at beginning of follow up

Front 14

Relative Risk

Back 14

Incidence exposed

_________________________

Incidence nonexposed

RR= No association

RR>1 Positive association (risk factor)

RR<1 Negative association (protective)

Front 15

Efficacy of a treatment

Back 15

Incidence control - Incidence intervention

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Incidence control

Front 16

Informed consent

Back 16

Introduced at the Nuremburg Code, telling participants what they are getting themselves into

Front 17

Global Burden of Disease

Back 17

Disease burden produced by all diseases around the world

Regional and global research program that assesses mortality and disability for major diseases, injuries, and risk factors

Front 18

DALYs

Back 18

Measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death

Front 19

Attributable risk

Back 19

Rate of disease exposed --Rate of disease nonexposed

Front 20

Epidemiological Transition

Back 20

Transition from acute infections diseases to chronic, noncommunicable diseases

Front 21

Reasons for epidemiological transition

Back 21

1. Antibiotics

2. Better sanitation/ H2O treatment

3. Vaccines

4. Better nutrition

5. Less horse poop

6. Family planning

7. Less crowding

8. Increased milk pasteurization

Front 22

Reasons for reemerging of infectious dz

Back 22

1. Less vaccines

2. Antibiotic resistance

3. Global travel/commerce

4. Increase population into cities

5. Institutions

6. Poverty/inequality

Front 23

Ways we carry infections dz

Back 23

1. People

2. Animals

3. Insects

4. Things (food)

Front 24

Quarantine

Back 24

Separates and restricts movement of individuals who were exposed to contagious disease to see if they become sick

Front 25

Isolation

Back 25

Separates sick people with contagious disease from who are not sick

Front 26

International Health Regulations

Back 26

1. Require countries to report certain diseases

2. Protocols to countries to respond to outbreaks

Front 27

Surveillance

Back 27

Watch dz patterns over time--> determine burden, patterns, detect outbreaks

Front 28

4 Diseases countries are required to report

Back 28

1. TB

2. New strains of Influenza

3. Polio

4. HIV/AIDS

Front 29

Glaucoma

Back 29

Increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight

Front 30

Cataract

Back 30

Lens of eye becomes progressively opaque, resulting in blurred vision

Front 31

Onchocerciasis

Back 31

River blindness, Parasitic worms, bite of blackflies, breed in rivers, migrate to the eye and cause blindness

Front 32

Trachoma

Back 32

Caused by bacteria, roughening of inner surface of eyelids, leading to pain, breakdown of outer surface or cornea, possible blindness

Front 33

VIsion 2020

Back 33

Eliminate avoidable blindness by 2020

Front 34

Stunting

Back 34

Low height for age

Front 35

Wasting

Back 35

Low weight for height

Front 36

Underweight

Back 36

Low weight for age

Front 37

Stigma

Back 37

Mark of enduring condition or attribute that is negatively valued by society

Front 38

Felt Stigma

Back 38

Perception of societal norms of the stigmatized condition

Front 39

Symbolic stigma

Back 39

Pre-existing prejudice toward those groups who have been hardest hit by the disease

Front 40

Prejudice vs. Discrimination

Back 40

Prejudice is an attitude, individual evaluation or judgement of a group

Discrimination is a behavior, treatment of individuals based on their membership in a group

Front 41

Direct causes of maternal mortality

Back 41

1. Hemorrhage

2. Sepsis

3. Eclampsia

4. Obstructed labor

5. Unsafe abortion

Front 42

Indirect causes of maternal mortality

Back 42

1. Parity (# of children)

2. Low educational attainment of women

3. Poor access to healthcare/family planning

4. Early marriage/age of pregnancy

5. Domestic violence and rape

6. Long-standing gender inequities

Front 43

UN definition of Slum

Back 43

1. Access to improved water

2. Access to improved sanitation

3. Sufficient living area

4. Durability of housing

5. Security of tenure