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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Geophysical hazards
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Formed by tectonic or geological events
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Hydro-meteorological hazards
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Formed by hydrological and atmospheric processes
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Context hazards
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Widespread threats arising from global environmental changes such as climate change or from a major hazard such as a super volcano
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Disasters
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The realisation of hazards to cause social impacts such as loss of lives and livelihoods, and economic impacts such as damage to goods and property
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Risk
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The probability of a hazard occurring and becoming a disaster as a result of deaths and loss of livelihoods, good and property
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Vulnerability
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Shaped by the underlying state of human development; the level of development, quality of housing, proximity to hazard, reliance on land for food etc
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Capacity
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The precautions taken by the areas that are involved in hazards and how well they can cope with the hazard during/after
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Magnitude
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The size of a natural hazard event
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Frequency
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The number of events of a given magnitude over a certain period of time
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Climate Change
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Any marked trend or shift in climate that shows a sustained change in the average value for any particular climatic element
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Global warming
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A consistently measured recent rise in the average surface temperature of the planet
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Greenhouse effect
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A natural process that warms the Earth's atmosphere due to the trapping of heat that would otherwise be radiated back into space
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Tipping point
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The point at which a system switches from one state to another - 2-3C could be enough to lead to dramatic and possibly cataclysmic changes in the environment which are probably irreversible
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Feedback mechanism
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Process whereby the output of a system acts to amplify or reduce further output
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Global dimming
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The phenomenon whereby particles in the atmosphere largely from industrial pollution have led to less solar radiation reaching the earth
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IPCC
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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
set up in 1988 |
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Destructive plate boundaries
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Oceanic crust being subducted beneath a continental plate
Two oceanic/continental plates colliding |
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Constructive plate boundaries
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Oceanic plates moving apart
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Conservative plate boundaries
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Plates slide past each other
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Phillipines
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Lower-middle income
Population: 91 million GDP per capita: $5,000 HDI: 0.75 Landscape: mountainous, crowded coastal lowlands, within typhoon belt Typhoons = main hazard Volcanic eruptions = explosive with dangerous lahars Earthquakes = common Occasional droughts associated with El Nino years Landslides common in mountainous areas Densely populated/rapidly developing vulnerability increased by poverty, deforestation, poor land management and urbanisation |
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California Coast
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Wealthiest state of the USA
Population: 40 million GDP per capita: $40,000 HDI: 0.95 Landscape: coastal area containing major cities e.g. LA Earthquakes = main risk - large/shallow - occur along swarm of faults associated with San Andreas fault (conservative plate boundary) River floods occur in El Nino years, droughts/wildfires in El Nina years Fogs occur in San Francisco Bay area Landslides = frequent secondary hazard from floods/earthquakes Capacity = high due to high-tech disaster preparedness/state-wide drills Economic costs of major disasters = high - especially if disaster strikes in a megacity |
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The Environmental and Ecological impacts of climate change on the Arctic Region
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Last few years: average temperatures have risen at twice the rate of the rest of the world
Next few years: could rise a further 3-5 degrees over land and up to 7 degrees over oceans Impacts on natural system: Vegetation shifts Thawing permafrost Increasing fires/insects UV impacts Carbon cycle changes Others Impacts on animal species Impacts on society Arctic = more accessible/vulnerable to exploitation |
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Socioeconomic impacts of climate change on the continent of Africa
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Much of population = dependant on climate-sensitive resources e.g. local water/ecosystems
Limited ability to respond to changing climate due to poverty Predicted temperature rise of 3 degrees by 2100 Rainfall likely to increase in equatorial region but decrease north/south Water Issues Food insecurity Natural resources Health Development of coastal zones Poverty |
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Globalisation
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The growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume/variety of cross-border transactions in goods/services, freer international capital flows, and more rapid/widespread diffusion of technology
Economic Cultural Political Demographic Environmental |
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TNC
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Major companies with a global reach and a presence in at least two countries
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Glocalisation
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The local sourcing of partys by a TNC in places where they assemble their global products close to markets. At the same time they are able to customise their products to meet local tastes/laws
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Wal-Mart case study
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Opened first store in 1962
By 1980: 300 stores 1991: opened in Mexico City becoming international Took over ASDA UK in 1999, and Woolco in Canada in 1994 Announced joitn venture with Bharti Enterprises in 2007 2.1 million employees worldwide $408 billion turnover 8,500 stores in 15 countries Consumers benefit from lower prices Damages smaller locally owned shops Low pay/lack of union representation Large carbon footprint - reduced corporate CO2 emissions by 5% |
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Eastern European Migration
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A8 countries: Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia
Pull factors: Free right of movement Developed economy Reputation for tolerance Need of low-wage labour Minor intervening obstacles (right of entry, cheap travel, established immigrant groups, immigrant-friendly services) Costs: Source countries- Loss of workforce Skill shortages Reduced fertility Population imbalance Exploited workers Host country- Tensions Crime Population growth Downward pressure on wages Pressure on space/housing Pressure on services Benefits: Source country- Remittances higher wages Skill can be taken back Do not need benefits payments Host country- Gaps filled Economic turnaround Business opporunities Counteracts ageing The future: Migration slowed since recession A8 countries hit less badly Falling value of UK pound All Eu countries msut be fully open to A8 migration |
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Mediterranean flows Push/Pull factors
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Pull factors:
Cost of living Business opportunities Weather Lifestyle Push factors: Rising crime/decline in respect House prices Lack of space/environmental quality Emigration made easier sicne 1980s: Spain joined EU in 1986 Schengen agreement Low-cost airlines Companies employing english speakign lawyers/estate agents Internet allows easy communication |
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Mediterranean Flows costs/benefits
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Costs:
Source country: Social- Family breakup Loss of childcare Economic- Loss of highly experienced workforce Grey pound spent overseas Host country: Social- Ghettos Resentment House price rise Economic- benefits/healthcare costs bore by host Environmental- Development ruined musch of coastal landscape Water supply systems strained Population rise Flood risk as urbanisation occurs Benefits: Source country: Social- Balances immigration Economic- Fewer elderly to take care of Healthcare problems exported Environmental- Relieves pressure for new homes Host countries: Economic- Increased spending Retirees highly affluent Job creation Scrubland = valuable |
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Megacity
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Classified by size - population > 10 million
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World City
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Based on economic and political factors
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Urbanisation
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Increase in proprtion of people living in urban areas
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Suburbanisation
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Wealthy choosing to live on city edge to avoid poverty/crime/congestion/pollution
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Coutner-urbanisation
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People move from cities to rural areas
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Reurbanisation
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May follow attempts to regenerate areas that have declined in cities
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London Megacity
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Global financial centre
23 Global 500 companies World's busiest international airports |
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New York Megacity
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Global financial centre
24 Global 500 companies Home of UN |
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Tokyo Megacity
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Global financial centre
52 Global 500 companies |
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El Nino
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Normal year:
Low air pressure/rain over Australia High air pressure/dry over South America El Nino year: High air pressure/droughts/fires in Australia Low air pressure/floods in South America La Nina year: Low air pressure/floods in Australia High air pressure/droughts in South America |
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Eustatic Sea rise
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Change in sea level due to change in amount of water in oceans
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Isostatic Sea rise
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Movement of land in response to loss or gain of mass
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Vulnerability to rising sea levels
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Bangladesh:
70% = <6m above sea level Could lose up to 20% of land displacing up to 40 million people 65% subsistence farmers Netherlands: >50% reclaimed land 1m rise in sea level would cost $12,000 to defend Pacifric Islands: Nowhere to flee Low elevation Dense/growing populations Increased degredation of natural environments Vulnerability |
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London's Climate change strategy
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Action Today to protect Tomorrow - 2007
Reduce CO2 emissions by 30% Green Homes Programme - subsidised/free home insulation Settign/enforcing new building standards Investing in local/small-scale renewable energy schemes Encouraging 'waste to energy' schemes Providing clean/efficient public transport Promoting purchase of low-carbon goods/services |
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Renewable Energy Schemes
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Community hydropower in Kenya:
2 schemes Provide power to over 200 households Saves 42 tonnes CO2 per year Biomass Cooking: More than 2.5 billion burn biomass for cooking/heating Accounts for 80% of current global renewable energy supply Jepirachi Wind Power Project: 15 windmills Used to power water plant |
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UK Policy on immigration
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Tough policy on asylum seekers - only accept genuine applicants
Points-based system favouring those with earning potential WRS allows migrants to fill low-skill/wage gaps Permanent migrants must pass a test UK business visas favour those with money/ideas |
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Chongqing
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Over 1,300 rural-urban migrants arrive daily
Urban economy grows £7 million daily Population growing by 500,000 yearly !30,000m of new buildings constructed daily Average incomes rose by 66% between 2000-2005 |
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Factors that have accelerated globalisation
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Free trade
International organisations TNCs Communications technology Transport technology Financial deregulation Consumers Media |
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LDCs
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Malawi/Bangladesh
Low income Primary industry Poverty |
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LEDCs
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Egypt/Peru
Low income Primary industry Slow development |
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RICs
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Thailand/Indonesia
Lower middle income Primary employment Manafacturing rapidly growing |
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NICs
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South Korea/Brazil
Upper middle income Secondary industry Exports important |
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MEDCs
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UK/USA
High income Tertiary industry TNCs base R&D/Quaternary important |
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Impacts of TNCs on Source country
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Costs:
job losses Derelict land May become unpopular and suffer negative media/sales Benefits: Pollution exported More tax paid HQ/R&D jobs |
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Impacts of TNCs on Host country
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Costs:
Pay no/very low tax Pollution Exploitation Outcompete local suppliers Benefits: Economic growth (200,000+ tech workers in Bangalore) Falling levels of poverty Local supply chains created Infrastructure that may benefit locals |
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Banana wars
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Colonial: from small farms in former colonies in Africa/Carribean
Dollar: large plantation-grown bananas from Latin America sold by TNCs 1996 wars began EU favoured colonial - 20% tariff to dollar 2008 WTO backed dollar 2011 EU reduced tariff |
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Why peripheral locations do not attract investment
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Political instability
Debt Lack of good infrastructure Physical constraints Poverty/disease |
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Ageing Population
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Challenges:
Maximising employment/tax revenue Providing long term care NHS costs Tax rises Skilled labour shortage Housing Retirement age Sites for care homes Depopulation/dereliction Opportunities: Inreased tax take if continue working Personal pensions reduce state strain Valuable experience Grey pound More law abiding Voluntary/community work Childcare Grey vote |
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Push/Pull factors of rural-urban migration
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Push:
Food shortages Lack of land - subdivision Fuel shortages Soil erosion War Natural hazards Pull factors: Jobs Housing Healthcare Education |
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Immature Urbanisation stage
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Kabul/Lagos
Rapid Growth Informal economy Urbanisation |
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Consolidating Urbanisation stage
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Cairo/Jakarta
Rapid growth Manafacturing important Urbanisation/Suburbanisation |
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Maturing Urbanisation stage
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Mexico City/Sau Paulo
Slow growth Service industry dominates Suburbanisation |
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Established Urbanisation stage
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London/Paris
Very slow growth Professional/services/retail Counter-urbanisation/Reurbanisation |
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Mumbai
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60% live in slums
6% of city's land = slums Growth rate of 2.2% per year |
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Reducing inputs
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Water metering/pipe mending
Reduced use of packaging More public transport More efficient vehicles Recycling materials Localised food distribution/improved storage |
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Reducing outputs
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Les spolluting vehicles
Alternative energy sources Recycling Reuse Carbon sequestration |
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Dongtan Ecocity
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carbon neutral
Renewable energy sources Waste treatment plant - sewage/compost to biogas Natural ventilation Two water-supply systems Traffic lights prioritise hydrogen-fuelled busses |
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Factory worker in China's Pearl River Delta
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Pay = $50-$150 a month
Unions banned 30 hours overtime is requirement to keep jon Factory owned dorms - 16 to a room Labour/health and safety laws rarely enforced |
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Impacts of hazards
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People:
Death Disease Injury Disability Goods: Property destruction Infrastructure loss Personal possessions Business loss Property damage Environment: Habitat loss Soil impacts Pollution Loss of animals |
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Why recent climate change is the worlds greatest hazard
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Global
Chronic Unpredictable Indirect impacts Prediction requires successful modelling of future Difficult to seperate the effects Requires global solutions Was strongly contested Costly to solve |
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Examples of mitigation
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Setting targets to reduce CO2 emissions
Developing energy-efficient strategies in all economic sectors Switching to renewable energy sources such as wind power Capturing carbon emissions from power stations and storing them Enhancing size of carbon sinks - afforestation |
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Examples of adaptation
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Coasta defences/managed retreat of a coastline
Developing a second generation of drought-resistant GM crops Enlarging conservation zones/developing wildlife corridors |
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General Electric
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Doubled its R&D spending on clean technologies
Doubled its revenue from renewables/energy-efficient products Reduced GHG emissions by 30% |
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Political groupings
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EU - Economic union with internal free trade/migration
OECD - Monitors economic performance and works to reduce corruption/bribery OPEC - Safeguards the interests of oil exporting countries G8 - Informal forum of super-rich/powerful countries G20 - Many are cash rich/rapidly growing G77 - Developing nations formed to give collective voice |
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Earthquakes
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Most powerful = destructive/conservative boundaries
Small minority occur within plates - usaually involve the reactivation of old fault lines Occasionaly occur from human actions |
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Volcanoes
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80% of world's most active = destructive boundaries
hotspots = localised areas of earth's rust which have unusually high heat flow/where magma rises to surface as a plume - as a lithospheric plate moves over htospot a chain of volcanoes are created |
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Slides
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7th biggest killer
Most occur in mountainous areas |
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Drought
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1/3 lands surface/70% people affected
Caused by ITCZ/El Nino/Changes in mid-latitude depression tracks |
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Flooding
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1/3 lands surface/80% people affected
Caused by excessive rainfall/intense rainfall linked to thunderstorms/El Nino/rapid snowmelt |
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Storms
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200-700km in diameter
Occur between 5-20 degrees north/south - coriolis effect Ocean over 26 degrees/70m deep |
