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244 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Globalization
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A process by which the shrinking world makes everyone more interconnected
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Interdependence
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The mutual dependence of people or nations on each other
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Edwin Fenton
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The historian who said that history is an interpretation
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Artifact
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A human-made object.
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Culture
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A way of life.
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Ethnocentrism
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A belief in one’s own cultural superiority
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Homo sapiens
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The species name for modern humans
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Paleolithic Age
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The Old Stone Age.
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Neolithic Age
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The New Stone Age.
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Neanderthal
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A group of early humans with smaller brains than humans today.
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Cro-Magnon
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An early group of Homo sapiens or modern man.
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Paleontologist
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A geologist who specializes in the study of fossils.
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Anthropologist
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A person who studies the physical and cultural development of man.
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Mary Leakey
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An anthropologist who made many important fossil discoveries in The Great Rift Valley in Africa
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Donald Johansen
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An important American anthropologist who, while working in Ethiopia, found the first almost complete skeleton of an early hominid he nicknamed Lucy.
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Laetoli footprints
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Found by archaeologist Mary Leakey on a Tanzanian plain these are the oldest evidence of hominids that walked upright.
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Archaeologist
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An anthropologist who uses excavation as a method to find evidence of early humans..
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Sister Wendy
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A former nun who has written extensively on art history
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Lascaux
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Caves in southern France containing paintings thought to have been done by early Cro-Magnon men.
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Neolithic Revolution
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A major change in human life caused by the beginnings of farming
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Hunter-gatherers
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People who get their food by moving around to hunt roving bands of animals and to gather wild plants
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Jared Diamond
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Geographer who believed that natural advantages explain why some areas of the world are more developed than others
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Tropical rain-forest
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A low latitude climate that is hot and muggy the year around, supporting dense tropical rain forests, usually with more than 100 inches of precipitation a year
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savanna
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A low latitude climate with warm temperatures all year and a wet and dry season
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Semi-arid
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A mid latitude climate with only 10-20 inches of precipitation a year
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Humid continental
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A mid latitude climate that has four distinct seasons with 40-60 inches of precipitation a year
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steppe
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Dry, grass covered plains
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artisan
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A skilled worker, such as a weaver or a potter, who makes goods by hand
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Sumerians
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People from ancient Sumer, who formed the earliest cradle of civilization
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cuneiform
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A system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the Sumerians
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ziggurat
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A tiered, pyramid-shaped building that formed part of a Sumerian temple
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scribe
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One of the professional record keepers in early civilizations
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Hammurabi
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A noted lawgiver who ruled the Babylonian Empire at its peak
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pharaoh
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A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader
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pyramid
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A massive structure with a rectangular base and four triangular sides, like those built in Egypt as burial places for Old Kingdom pharaohs
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hieroglyphics
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An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
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mummification
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Embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying.
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papyrus
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A tall reed that grows in the Nile delta, used by the ancient Egyptians to make a paperlike material for writing on
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monsoons
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Seasonal winds affecting India by bringing summer rains from the Indian Ocean and dry winter winds from across the Himalayas
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Shang
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The first historical dynasty and the beginning of early civilization in China
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Oracle bones
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Animal bones and tortoise shells on which Shang priests wrote questions for the gods
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Maya
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A pre-Columbian civilization that built great cities and pyramids in what is now Guatemala
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Aztec
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A Pre-Columbian civilization that built great cities and pyramids central Mexico
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Inca
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A Pre-Columbian civilization that united a vast empire in the Andes Mountains
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Phoenicians
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The Phoenicians, famous as seafaring traders in the Mediterranean, developed the first phonetic alphabet
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Aryans
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Nomadic peoples from the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains who invaded the Indus Valley through the Khyber Pass
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Hittites
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Nomadic peoples from the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains that settled in eastern Anatolia where they helped begin the Iron Age
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Kushites
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Nubian nomadic peoples much influenced by Egyptian culture as a result of trade, war and slavery
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Hebrews
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Pastoral nomads who wandered from Mesopotamia to the Jordan River Valley where they developed the first monotheistic religion
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Abraham
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The father of the Hebrews who made a covenant with God, establishing the first monotheistic religion
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Promised Land
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The land promised to Abraham for the Hebrews by God in return for their devotion to him
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Exodus
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A mass exiting
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10 Commandments
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Moses and the Hebrew people received these moral guidelines from God at Mt. Sinai
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Diaspora
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The dispersal (scattering) of the Hebrews after the destruction of the Temple by the Romans
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Hammurabi’s Code
“eye for eye” |
The earliest known written law code, in which punishments differed in severity according to one’s social class
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pastoral nomads
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Nomadic tribes that followed domesticated herds, but did not farm
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Empire
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A large, multi-ethnic state ruled from a single center, often controlled by force
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Assyrians
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The warlike Empire in the Northern Fertile Crescent
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Darius
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The leader who improved the administration of the Persian Empire
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Cyrus the Great
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The Persian leader known for his tolerance
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Satraps
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Royal governors of the Persian Empire
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Royal Road
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1600 Mile Persian Road connecting Susa with Sardis
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Saul
David Solomon |
The three kings of the ancient Hebrew Kingdom
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Nebuchadnezzar
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The Neo-Babylonian (Chaledan) ruler who destroyed the temple in Jerusalem and took the Hebrews into captivity
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Babylonian Captivity
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The period of time in which the Hebrews lived in Babylon in exile from the Promised Land/Canaan
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Axial Age
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The name given the turbulent 6th century BCE because so many different prophets emerged with messages of compassion
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Prophets
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Messengers of God who often warned people of the consequences of immoral behavior
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Amos
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A Hebrew prophet of the Axial Age
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Amos
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A Hebrew prophet of the Axial Age
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Zoroastrianism
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The Persian religion
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Ahriman
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The Zoroastrian god of evil
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Ahura Mazda
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The Zoroastrian god of good
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Hinduism
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2nd Millenium religion that emerged in India after the Aryan invasions
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Brahman
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Universal spiritual force Hindus want to become one with
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Castes
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Rigid class system that emerged from the Hindu religion
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Untouchables
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Those who lived outside the Hindu caste system because they were spiritually impure
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Dharma
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The duties expected of one according to social caste
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Karma
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The good and bad deeds
that follows a Hindu from one reincarnation to another |
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Moksha
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The goal of Perfect Understanding in Hinduism
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Reincarnation
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The rebirth of the soul in the flesh
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Vedas
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One of the sacred texts of the Hindus brought to India by the Aryan invaders written in Sanskrit
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Brahmins
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Priest caste in Hinduism
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Upanishads
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Another Hindu sacred text
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Bhagavad-Gita
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A part of the Mahabharata, a great Indian epic poem reflecting the struggles of the Aryans as they moved into India
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Jainism
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A religion founded in India by Mahavira in the 6th c. BC whose members believe everything has a soul and, therefore, should not be harmed
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Buddhism
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A religion founded by Siddhartha in the 6th c. BCE that reformed Hinduism by rejecting the caste system
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Nirvana
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The Buddhist word for release from selfishness and pain
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Siddhartha Gautama
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The founder of Buddhism, the Buddha
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enlightenment
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In Buddhism the state of perfect understanding
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Four Noble Truths
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Buddha’s explanation of how to achieve enlightenment
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Noble 8 Fold Path
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Moral guideline in Buddhism for how to escape suffering and achieve enlightenment
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Asceticism
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The practice of denying oneself bodily pleasures
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monasticism
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Life practiced in a monastary
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The Middle Way
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The path Siddhartha chose to reach Nirvana
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Maurya Empire
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The first great Hindu empire in India ruled by Chandragupta
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Asoka
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Second ruler of the Maurya Empire who after converting to Buddhism made tolerance an important part of his rule
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Gupta Empire
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The second great Indian Empire of the Classical Period known for the cultural flowering in its Golden Age ruled by Chandra Gupta
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Patriarchal
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A culture in which the father has the authority and makes all the important decisions
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Matriarchal
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A culture in which the mother has the authority and makes all the decisions
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Mahayana Buddhism
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This sect of Buddhism, which made the religion easier for ordinary people to follow, spread mainly to China, Tibet, Korea and Japan (not as mainstream)
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Theravada Buddhism
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This sect of Buddhism, which followed most closely, Buddha’s original teachings, spread mainly to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
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monasticism
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The monastic life or system, especially as practiced in a monastery by monks and nuns
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Kalidasa
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Gupta poet and playwright from the Golden Age often compared to Shakespeare
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Silk Roads
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A trade route that linked China to Western Asia, India, the Middle East on to Rome
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Axial Age
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The name given the turbulent 6th century (500) BCE because so many different prophets emerged with messages of compassion
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Shang
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The first historic dynasty in China from 1500-1050 (Oracle bones)
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Zhou
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A Chinese dynasty from 1027-221 BCE (long) Warring states and feudalism, Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism
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Dynastic cycle
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The historical pattern of the rise, decline and replacement of dynasties
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Mandate of heaven
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In Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority
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Feudalism
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A social and political system that emerged when central government was weak. The ruler relied on the military and economic services of his nobles who were given nearly absolute power over their own local areas
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Confucius
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A Chinese philosopher for whom preserving social order became the most important human value
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Analects
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The sayings of Confucius compiled by his students
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Li and ren
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Two of Confucius’s main concepts of right actions and appropriate thoughts
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Filial piety
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Confucius’s idea of reverence and respect for one’s parents
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rule by moral example, not force
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According to Confucius the way a ruler should behave
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chunzi
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The ideal leader, according to Confucius
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Yin and yang
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Seeming opposites that are bonded together in a single whole a classical Chinese/ Daoist idea
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Lao-tze
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Founder of Daoism
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Daoism
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The second major school of thought emerging the Warring States period of the Zhou Dynasty in China
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Wu wei
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The Daoist idea of acting by not acting
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Shi Huangdi
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The first Chinese emperor and leader of the Qin dynasty
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bureaucracy
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The administrative structure of a large or complex organization often through bureaus or departments
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Autocracy
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government by a single person with unlimited power
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Great Wall
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The 1,500 mile wall built over a succession of dynasties in China to keep out nomadic peoples to the northwest
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Bedouins/sheiks
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The animist pastoral nomads and their leaders in the Arabian peninsula at the time of Mohammed
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Mecca/Medina
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The two main cities in the Arabian Peninsula where Islam began
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Oasis
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A fertile green spot in the desert
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Allah
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The Arabic name for God in Islam
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Hegira
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The flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in 622 that marks the beginning of Islam
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Hajj
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The oncein a lifetime trip to Mecca and 5th pillar of Islam
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5 Pillars
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Beliefs and duties according to Islam, declaration of faith, prayer 5 times a day in the direction of Mecca, almsgiving/charity, fasting for Ramadan, and pilgrimage
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Qu'ran (Koran)
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The book in which are recorded the revelations of Allah to Mohammed
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Jihad
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The struggle to do the will of Allah in Islam (holy war)
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Polygamy
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The practice of taking more than one wife
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Theocracy
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Government by religious authorities and law
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Caliphs
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Supreme political and religious leaders in a Muslim government. The successors to Mohammed
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Sunni
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A sect of Islam after Mohammed's death- agree with the new caliphs
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Shiite/Shia
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A sect of Islam after Mohammed's death who do not recognize the caliphs and believe that they should have been related to Mohammed
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Khmer Empire
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An important kingdom in Cambodia, Southeast Asia reaching its height around 1200
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Koryu Dynasty
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The Kingdom that united Korea and gave it its name
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Celadon
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The much admired pottery of Korea known and admired for its milky blue green glaze, unable to be made in China
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Genghis Khan
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A Mongol leader who created the largest land empire in history (barbaric)
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Pax Mongolia
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The peace created by the Mongol empire that promoted trade and cultural diffusion
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Daimyo
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The nobel landowners in Japan to which samurai owed loyalty
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Zen Buddhism
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The form of Buddhism that had the greatest impact on Japan and influenced especially the samurai
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Kublai Khan
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The grandson of Genghis Khan who ruled the Yuan Dynasty in China
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Kamikaze
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The name the Japanese gave to the typhoon (the divine wind) that saved them from the Mongol Invasion
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Yuan Dynasty
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Dynasty formed by the Mongol rulers of China
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Marco Polo
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The 13th c. traveler from Venice, who made famous through his writings his visit across the Silk Roads to the court of Kublai Khan in China
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Xanadu
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Kublai Khan’s summer capital in China and pleasure palace
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Abbasids
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Dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire during its height from 750-1258 CE and had a capital of Baghdad
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Seljuks
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A Turkish group that migrated into the Abbasid Empire in the 10th c. and established their own empire in the 11th c. and threatened Christian pilgrims coming to the Holy Land
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Crusades
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A series of wars led by the Church in Rome to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rulers
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Saladin
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Muslim leader of the 1100s that was able to take back Jerusalem from the Crusaders
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Sahel
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The African region along the southern border of the Sahara
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Desertification
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A transformation of fertile land into a desert
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Animism
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The belief that spirits are present in animals, plants and other natural objects
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Griots
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West-African story-teller/poets
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Mansa Musa
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A leader of Mali whose hajj became famous when he spread so much gold around Cairo
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Swahili
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The language created on the East Coast of Africa when Arabic blended with African Bantu
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Ibn Battuta
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A native of North Africa who traveled for 27 years in the 14th c. visiting most of the countries in the Islamic world
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Ottomans
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A group of Muslim Turks that united a large empire in the Eastern Mediterranean that controlled a crossroads of trade for several centuries
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Suleiman
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The Sultan who did much to bring the Ottoman Empire to its peak in the 16th c. (Lawgiver and magnificent)
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Devshirme
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The slave system by which the Ottomans trained military and political leaders (young Christian boys) for their multicultural empire
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Millets
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The system of communities (Christian, Muslim, Jewish) the Ottomans created to allow groups within their empire a certain amount of religious freedom
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Shah Abbas
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The Shah of the Safavid Empire who turned its capital into a symbol of the best of Persian culture- Isfahan
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Akbar
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The leader of the Mughal Empire known for his wisdom and tolerance. His military achievements and his sponsorship of great art and architecture, tried to create his own religion
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Taj Mahal
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A memorial built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the 17th c. for his beloved wife who died in childbirth
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Zheng He
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A Chinese Muslim who led seven sailing voyages for the Ming Dynasty throughout the Indian Ocean in the mid 15th c. showcasing China's superiority and strength
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Treasure Voyages
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The voyages the Chinese sent out under the direction of the Muslim Zheng He in order to impress the world with the power and splendor of Ming China and to gain more tribute for the government
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Prince Henry
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A Portuguese prince who touched off the age of exploration and discovery through the school he established to train navigators
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Pre-Columbian
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Before the 1942 voyage of Columbus
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Christopher Columbus
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The Italian, who sailed for the Spanish and altered the economy of Europe forever by his accidental “discovery” of the Americas
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Commercial Revolution
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This dramatic change in the way business was conducted marked an important step in the transition of Europe from the local economies of the Middle Ages to leadership of a global economy
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Capitalism
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An economic system in which investors risk capital to make a profit
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Mercantilism
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An economic system in which real wealth and power were based on ownership of gold and silver and mother countries worked to achieve a favorable balance of trade with their colonies
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Favorable balance of trade
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A situation in global trade when the mother country exports more than it imports
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Joint stock company
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A privately owned company that sells stock to its investors hoping to make a profit
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Encomienda
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The system of forced labor the conquerors used to force native Americans to farm the land and work the mines
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Conquistadors
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The Spanish conquerors who arrived soon after the first explorers in the New World to conquer native peoples
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Peninsulares
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The class of people in Latin America who had been born in the Iberian Peninsula and could hold government positions and own land
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Creoles
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The class of people in Latin American who were born in Latin America of Peninsulares parents
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Mestizos
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The people in Latin America of mixed European and Native American ancestry
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Mulattos
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The people in Latin America of mixed European and African ancestry
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Papal Line of Demarcation
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The line drawn by the Pope and agreed upon by the Spanish and Portuguese that divided all the world between the Spanish and the Portuguese
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Bartolome de las Casas
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The Spanish clergyman who wrote to the Spanish government to protest the injustice of the encomienda system and suggested the use of African slaves instead. At the end of his life he saw the injustice this system had created
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middle passage
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The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America
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Atlantic Slave Trade
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The part of the slave trade that delivered African slaves to the New World to work on plantations and in mines.
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Columbian Exchange
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The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas
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Hernando Cortes
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The Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs in Mexico in 1521
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Montezuma
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The Aztec emperor defeated by Hernando Cortes
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Francisco Pizarro
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The conquistador who defeated the Incas in 1530 and seized the land for Spain
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Manilla Galleon Trade
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Very profitable trade between Manila in the Philippines and the west coast of the Americas during the 1500, 100 and 1700s bringing silver to China
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British East India Co.
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A British joint stock company formed to make a profit off of the colonies found in the new world
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Dutch East India Co.
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A Dutch joint stock company formed to make a profit off of newly formed colonies
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Manchus
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Rebels from Manchuria that moved into China and formed a new dynasty after 1644
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Qing Dynasty
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The weak new dynasty started by the Manchu that took over after the Ming Dynasty collapsed
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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The system of rule begun by Tokagawa Ieysu who was able to unify Japan by moving the capital to Edo (Tokyo) and requiring lords to live part of the year there
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Kabuki
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Dramas of urban life popular in Japan with the townspeople during the Edo period
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Imperialism
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Also known as colonialism. The political and economic control of one area or country by another
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Toussaint L’Ouverture
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The ex-slave who led an uprising of slaves forcing the French out of Haiti in 1804
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Simon Bolivar
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The “Liberator” who defeated Spanish forces 1819-1825, freeing Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
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Jose de san Martin
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The Latin American revolutionary who freed Argentina and Chile from Spanish rule
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Miguel Hidalgo
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A priest who began the rebellion in Mexico against Spanish rule
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Caudillos
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Powerful military leaders or political bosses, who often came to power by force
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Social Darwinism
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A social theory based on Charles Darwin’s ideas. It held that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others
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Berlin Conference 1884
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In this conference 14 European nations laid down the rules for dividing up Africa
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"Sick Man of Europe"
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The name by which the Ottoman Empire in 1914 was commonly known, indicating that the once-great power was crumbling
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Geopolitics
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An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products
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Sepoy Mutiny
1857 |
A rebellion of British trained soldiers against British officers that broke out all over India when Muslim and Hindu soldiers believed they were being forced to violate their religion
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Raj
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A period in history when India was dominated by Britain
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Boxer Rebellion 1899
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Rebellion aimed at ending foreign influence and spheres of influence in China
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Opium War 1839
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War between Britain and China over the opium trade
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Extraterritoriality
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Rights of foreign residents to follow the laws of their own government rather than those of the host country
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Taiping Rebellion 1853-1868
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Rebellion against the Qing dynasty
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Sphere of influence
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Area in which a foreign nation controls trade and investment
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Open Door Policy
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Policy proposed by the US giving all nations equal opportunities to trade in China
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Meiji Restoration
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The period in Japanese history under the Emperor Meiji when Japan successfully imitated and adapted to Western ways
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Matthew Perry
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The naval commodore sent by President Fillmore, who successfully opened Japan to trade with the United States.
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Nationalism
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Feeling of loyalty or devotion to a country’s interest/culture
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Sun Yixian
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Father of modern China who became its first President in 1912
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Kuomintang
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The Nationalist party founded by Sun Yixian and later led by Jiang Jieshi
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Mao Zedong
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The peasant leader who led China through a long Civil War and finally became the leader of the Communist Peoples’ Republic of China
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Long March
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1934-5 March in which Mao and his communist followers fled 6,000 miles to escape the Nationalist army
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Mohandes Gandhi
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Man who fought for India’s independence using passive resistance and civil disobedience
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Civil disobedience
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A deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust
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Amritsar Massacre
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The 1919 massacre by the British of a group of nonviolent Hindus and Muslims meeting to protest the Rowlett Act
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The Salt March
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The march to the sea to make salt organized by Gandhi in 1930 in order to protest the tax all Indians had to pay the British for the use of salt
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Mustafa Kemal
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Turkish national leader of the Young Turks and founder of modern Turkey
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Superpowers
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The United States and the Soviet Union who were engaged in an arms race and a diplomatic race to get as many allies as possible
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UN
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An international peacekeeping organization founded in 1945 to provide security to the nations of the world after two deadly world wars
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Cold War
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The name given to the conflict between communist and non-communist nations fought mainly with propaganda and an arms race
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Non-aligned nations
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Independent nations that remained neutral in the Cold War competition between the US and Soviet Union
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Congress Party
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The Hindu party in India working for the independence of India that was led by Jawaharlal Nehru
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Muslim League
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The Muslim party in India working for the independence of India that was led by Ali Jinnah
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Ali Jinnah
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The first PM of Pakistan
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Partition
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The separation of the British colony India into two separate countries, India and Pakistan, at its independence in 1947
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Nehru
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The first PM of India
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Indira Gandhi
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The daughter of Nehru, who after his death in 1966, became prime minister
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Negritude Movement
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A movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values begun by French-speaking Africans and West Indians
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Kwame Nkrumah
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The nationalist leader who led Ghana to independence
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Jomo Kenyatta
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A Kenyan nationalist, who became the first president of Kenya
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Apartheid
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Official segregation policy of South Africa
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Nelson Mandela
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National leader who led the successful fight against Apartheid in South Africa and became its first President
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