Global Comm. Test 2

Front 1

Low-context culture (Hall)

Back 1

-explicit info and rules

-linear logic

-direct styles of communication

-emphasis on individual

ex. USA, Western Europe

Front 2

High-context culture (Hall)

Back 2

-implicit

-draws upon intuition

-indirect style of communication

-understatement

-relationships are important

ex. Asia, Latin America, Africa

Front 3

Levels of culture (Hall):

Back 3

Technical

Formal

Informal

Front 4

Hall's 3 Levels of culture:

Technical

Back 4

-the explicitly clear and visible portion of our cultural iceberg.

-artistic, technological, and materialistic components of culture and other institutional systems.

Front 5

Levels of culture (Hall):

Formal

Back 5

-iceberg rests at sea level

- norms, rules, roles, traditions, rituals, customs and communication patterns of a group.

Front 6

Levels of culture (Hall):

Informal

Back 6

-iceberg rests below sea level

-cultural history, core values and beliefs

-cultural origin

Front 7

Geert Hofstede's 6 Dimensions of Variability:

Back 7

Individualism-collectivism

Masculinity-femininity

Power distance

Uncertainty avoidance

Time dimension

Indulgence vs. restraint

Front 8

Dimension of Variability (Geert Hofstede):

Individualism-collectivism

Back 8

-unique and independent vs. conforming and interdependent

Front 9

Dimension of Variability (Geert Hofstede):

Masculinity-femininity

Back 9

-how and to what degree are gender roles prescribed

Front 10

Dimension of Variability (Geert Hofstede):

Power Distance

Back 10

-appropriateness or importance of status differences and social hierarchies

Front 11

Dimension of Variability (Geert Hofstede):

Uncertainty Avoidance

Back 11

-how cultures attempt to cope with and change uncertainties.

High Uncertainty- no dissent or deviation.

"What is different, is dangerous."

Low Uncertainty- more willing to take risks.

"What is different, is curious."

Front 12

Dimension of Variability (Geert Hofstede):

Time Dimension (or long-term duration)

Back 12

Long-term orientation- admires persistence, thriftiness, humility and deferred gratification.

Short-term orientation- tradition, personal steadfastness, maintaining the "face" of self and others.

Front 13

Dimension of Variability (Geert Hofstede):

Indulgence-restraint

Back 13

Indulgence- free expression, opinions important, optimism, leisure ethic, higher crime rate.

Restraint- pessimism, little free expression, work ethic.

Front 14

Acculturation

Back 14

the process of adjusting and adapting to a new culture.

Front 15

Enculturation

Back 15

the process we got through to adapt to our larger society.

Front 16

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's 5 Value Orientations:

Back 16

Human nature

Person nature

Relational orientation

Activity orientation

Time orientation

Front 17

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientation:

Human nature

Back 17

are humans good, evil, mixture of both?

are humans able to change or not?

Front 18

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientation:

Person-nature

Back 18

mastery over nature

harmony with nature

subjugated to nature

Front 19

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientation:

Relational orientation-

Back 19

Individualism- preference for individual goals.

Lineality- group and group goals, group continuity through time.

Collaterality- values of the group, but not through time.

Front 20

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientation:

Activity orientation

Back 20

doing- productivity, tangible outcomes

being- spontineity, emotional gratification, personal balance.

doing-in-becoming- who we are, personal and spiritual development.

Front 21

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientation:

Time orientation

Back 21

past- ancestors, strong family ties.

present- living in the moment.

future- highly values changes and progress.

Front 22

Parsons's Pattern 6 Variables:

They describe ways people have learned to meaningfully organize and percieve phenomena around them.

Back 22

Self-collective

Affectivity-affective

Universalism-particularism

Diffuseness-specificity

Ascription-achievement

Instrumental-expressive

Front 23

Parsons's Pattern Variables:

self-collective

Back 23

-personal achievement and responsibility vs. that of the group

Front 24

Parsons's Pattern Variables:

affectivity-affective

Back 24

-immediate vs. delayed gratification.

Front 25

Parsons's Pattern Variables:

universalism-particularism

Back 25

-treating all people equally or catering to their individual strengths, needs.

Front 26

Parsons's Pattern Variables:

diffuseness-specificity

Back 26

-perceptions of public vs. private space.

Front 27

Parsons's Pattern Variables:

ascription-achievement

Back 27

-society either ascribes status to people by virtue of age, gender, education, etc. or on basis of personal achievement.

Front 28

Parsons's Pattern Variables:

instrumental-expressive

Back 28

-whether relational interactions are principally viewed as means to other goals or are valued as an end in and of themselves.

Front 29

Trompenaar and Hampden-Turner 4 "corporate" cultural models:

Back 29

Eiffel Tower

Guided Missle

Family

Incubator

Front 30

Trompenaar and Hampden-Turner 4 "corporate" cultural models:

Eiffel Tower

Back 30

Status and power are explicitly allocated to one's legitimate role and place in the organization.

Front 31

Trompenaar and Hampden-Turner 4 "corporate" cultural models:

Guided Missle

Back 31

Egalitarian perspective which is "means driven". The organization is simply a place to get work done through the coordinated and combined efforts of others.

Front 32

Trompenaar and Hampden-Turner 4 "corporate" cultural models:

Family

Back 32

Strong parent figure cares for the family unit.

Front 33

Trompenaar and Hampden-Turner 4 "corporate" cultural models:

Incubator

Back 33

Serves the self-expression and self-fulfillment of its employees.