Global 9

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Abraham

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the 1st patriarch in the bible. He was asked by God to sacrifice his son, Isaac, and was rewarded for being prepared to do so. He is considered by Jewish people as the father of the Israelites and by Muslims as the father of Arab peoples

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Age of reason

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term given to describe the Enlightenment

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Age of Transition

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Term given to describe the renaissance

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Ahimsa

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in Hinduism, it is the principal of non violence against all living things

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Akbar the Great

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(1542-1605) Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India. He is considered to be their greatest ruler. He is responsible for the expansion of his empire, the stability his administration gave to it, and the increasing of trade and cultural diffusion

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AlKhwarizimi

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Islamic mathematician who pioneered the study of algebra. His textbook on the subject became a standard in European universities for centuries

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Alexander the Great

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(356 BC-323 BC) He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian and Egyptian influences

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Animism

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Oldest belief system. Still practiced in a variety of forms. Practice nature worship. Everything in the universe has a spirit. Also believe that ancestors watch over the living from the spirit world

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Arabic Numerals

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a written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Still used today

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Archimedes

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(287 - 212 BC) Greek mathemitician and inventor. He wrote works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics. lever and pulley

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Aristarchus

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(310-250BC) Greek scientist who first stated that the Earth revolved around the Sun and rotated on its axis

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Aryans

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Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who migrated into India around 1500 BC. They are responsible for many aspects of current Indian culture including their language, sacred texts and a system of government that later evolved into the caste system

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Asoka

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King of the Maurya dynasty. He ruled nearly the entire subcontinent of India. Instrumental in the spread of Buddhism

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Atman

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in hinduism- the human soul

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Augustus

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(63BC - 12 CE)First emperor of Rome. He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar

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Aztecs

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The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadors ended their empire

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Baron de Montesquieu

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(1689-1755) Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called The Spirit of Laws in 1748. He describes what he considers to be the best government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers- Judicial, Legislative and Executive.

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Bhagavad Gita

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A hindu holy book where the god Krishna teaches the importance of selflessness, performing religious duties and devotion to God.

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Brahma

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hindu god called the creator. Brahma is the first member of the triad that includes Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the destroyer

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Canon on Medicine

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A book written by Ibn Sina, a famous Islamic physician, which was an encyclopedia of Greek, Arabic and his own knowledge of medicine. This book became the standard medical text in Europe for over 500 years

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Cardinal Richelieu

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(1585-1642) French cardinal and politician responsible for instituting absolutist practices in France

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Catherine the Great

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an enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port

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Confucius

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(551 - 479 BC) chinese philosopher and writer of the Analects, a colleciotn of moral and social teachings, including the concept of the 5 relationships.

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Constantine

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(274-337) Roman Emperor. Issued the Edict of Milan which outlawed the persecutionof Christians. He also founded the city of Constantinople, future capital of Byzantine

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Creoles

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in colonial Latin America, American born Spanish gentry. They owned most of the land but were treated like second class citizens and were denied political rights

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culture system

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A system of slave labor used by the Dutch in their South East Asia colonies

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cyrillic

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an alphabet created by Eastern Orthodox monks for the Slavic language. Based on Greek and still used throughout various Slavic countries

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Dante

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(1265-1321) Italian poet and Renaissance writer. his greatest work is the Divine Comedy.

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Darius I

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(558 BC-486 BC) King of Persia who expanded his empire to extend from the Meditteranean to the Indus River

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Diocletian

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(245- 313) Emperor of Rome who was responsible for dividing Rome into different provinces and districts. Eventually, the eastern portions of the Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire

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Dome of the Rock

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First Islamic religious shrine. It was built in 687, and is located in present day Jerusalem.

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Elizabeth I

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(1533- 1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successfel rulers of all time.

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English Bill of Rights

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(1689) A Bill of Rights written after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which placed William and MAry on the throne of England. The bill created a limited monarchy and established PArliament as the ruling body of the nation.

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Enlightened Despots

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A monarch who retains absolute control of their country while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas

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Eratosthenes

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Greek mathematician, astronomer and geographer who measured the circumference of the Earth.

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Euclid

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300 BC Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geometry

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Five Pillars of Islam

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Code of behavior for followers of Islam. Includes Charity, Daily prayer, Profession of faith, fasting during Ramadan and a pilgrimage to Mecca called the hajj

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Five Relationships

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Confucian philosophy about social order where evryone has a place and respect is paid to elders, parents and the government. The relationships are ruler to ruled, father ot son, older brother to younger brother, husband to wife and friend to friend

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Frederick the Great

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(1712-1786) King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress.

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Hernan Cortez

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(1485-1547) Spanish conquistador who was responsible for the conquest of the Aztec empire and the claiming of much of Central America for the Spanish

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John Calvin

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(1509-1564) Theologian and church reformer who developed a form of Protestantism during the Reformation . his church is known for the idea of predestination, which states certain people are predestined for heaven

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Julius Caesar

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(100 - 44BC) Roman general and statesman. he is responsible for setting up the imperial system in rome which placed his grandnephew, Augustus on the throne.

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Miguel de Cervantes

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(1547 - 1616) Spanish Renaissance writer. His greatest work is the comedic tale Don Quixote

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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(1471- 1543) POlish astronomer who wrote on the revolutions of the celestial spheres. Theorized that the Earth orbited the sun and laid the foundations of modern astronomy

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Oliver Cromwell

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(1599-1658) Leader of the English Revolution that deposed tha Stuart monarchs in favor of a short lived Republic. Cromwell acted as Lord Protector until the restoration of the monarchy in 1660

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Rene Descartes

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(1596-1650) French intellectual who challenged traditional ideas. He said that human reason was capable of discovering and explaining the laws of nature and man. The idea of human reason being superior to tradition led to the beginning of the Enlightenment, a time of political awakening that became revolution.

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samsara

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Buddhists believe in an endless cycle of reincarnation

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The Analects

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collection of moral and social teachings of Confucius, including the concept of the 5 relationships