Global 3

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Non renewable energy

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Energy sources used faster than nature an repleninsh them

Currently supply 80 percent o worlds energy

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Renewable energy

Back 2

Contiously present as a feature of the enviroment

5 forms are Biomass, solar, geothermal, tidal and wind

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Resource

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Naturally occuring substance potentially extractable with current technology

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Radioactive—

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Nuclei of certain atoms are unstable spontaneously decompose
release neutrons, protons, other larger particles + GREAT DEAL OF ENERGY (from broken bonds!)

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Types of Radiation:

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Alpha — Stopped by layer of skin.
Beta —Stopped by layer of clothing.
-Gamma — Passes through concrete;
stopped by lead (nasty!).

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Nuclear Fission —

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Occurs when neutrons impact and split nuclei of certain atoms;

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Nuclear Chain Reaction —

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Splitting nuclei release neutrons strike more nuclei
releasing even more neutrons, etc

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fossil-fuel boiler

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: Produces heat converts water to steam turns a turbine generates electricity.

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Major types:

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(i) Boiling water reactor (20%); (ii) Pressurized water reactor (70%); (iii) Heavy water reactors; (iv) Gas-cooled reactor

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Nuclear Fusion —

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When two lightweight atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus large amount of energy is released (similar to Sun); Energy released by combining deuterium in 1 km3 (~1/4 mi3) of ocean water greater than world’s entire fossil fuel supply!

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Decommissioning Plants

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Unlike other plants, nuclear plants are ‘decommissioned’, not ‘demolished’ or
torn down!

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Decommissioning Uncertainties

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Utilities Have (3) Options:
Decontaminate and dismantle plant ASAP;
Mothball plant for short period, allowing radiation to dissipate, then dismantle;
Entomb plant within concrete barrier.

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Currently, U.S. produces

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about 800,000 m3 of low-level radioactive waste/year; presently buried in various scattered disposal sites
(S. Carolina; Washington; Utah & Texas).

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Hazardous materials (EPA):
have one or more of the following characteristics

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Ignitability
Corrosiveness
Reactivity –
Toxicity –

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Ignitability

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Materials posing fire hazard during routine management (e.g., gasoline, paint thinner, alcohol);

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Hazardous materials (EPA):
have one or more of the following characteristics

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Ignitability
Corrosiveness
Reactivity –
Toxicity –

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Hazardous materials (EPA):
have one or more of the following characteristics

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Ignitability
Corrosiveness
Reactivity –
Toxicity –

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Corrosiveness

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-- Materials requiring special containers because of ability to corrode standard materials (e.g., strong acids & bases);

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Reactivity –

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Materials which, during routine management, tend to react spontaneously or vigorously with air or water, to be unstable to shock or heat, to generate toxic gases, or to explode (e.g., gunpowder, sodium, TNT);

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Ignitability

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Materials posing fire hazard during routine management (e.g., gasoline, paint thinner, alcohol);

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Ignitability

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Materials posing fire hazard during routine management (e.g., gasoline, paint thinner, alcohol);

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Corrosiveness

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-- Materials requiring special containers because of ability to corrode standard materials (e.g., strong acids & bases);

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Toxicity –

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Materials which, when improperly managed, may release toxins (poisons) in sufficient quantities to pose substantial human health or environmental hazard (e.g., pesticides, rat poison)

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Corrosiveness

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-- Materials requiring special containers because of ability to corrode standard materials (e.g., strong acids & bases);

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Reactivity –

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Materials which, during routine management, tend to react spontaneously or vigorously with air or water, to be unstable to shock or heat, to generate toxic gases, or to explode (e.g., gunpowder, sodium, TNT);

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Toxicity –

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Materials which, when improperly managed, may release toxins (poisons) in sufficient quantities to pose substantial human health or environmental hazard (e.g., pesticides, rat poison)

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Reactivity –

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Materials which, during routine management, tend to react spontaneously or vigorously with air or water, to be unstable to shock or heat, to generate toxic gases, or to explode (e.g., gunpowder, sodium, TNT);

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Toxicity –

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Materials which, when improperly managed, may release toxins (poisons) in sufficient quantities to pose substantial human health or environmental hazard (e.g., pesticides, rat poison)

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Toxic

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Commonly refers to narrow group of substances that cause human injury or death

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Hazardous

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refers to all dangerous materials that can create human health or environmental problem.

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Hazardous Wastes:

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Byproducts of industrial, business, or household activities with no immediate use:
Many types:
Heavy metals (mercury, lead, chromium, etc.) & organic wastes (dioxin, solvents, etc.)
Many forms:
Liquid, sludge, ash, old computer parts & batteries, etc.

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RCRA created “cradle-to-grave’

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concept of hazardous waste management by regulating generators, transporters, and treatment storage and disposal facilities, and underground storage tanks.

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Defining Hazardous Waste

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In developed countries, chemical & petrochemical industries 
~70% of all hazardous wastes
vs.
~50-66% in developing countries;

Most toxic/hazardous wastes come from chemical & related industries that produce plastics, soaps, synthetic rubber, fertilizers, medicines, paints, cosmetics, pesticides & herbicides
(mostly non-toxic things!!)
Many Common Materials can Produce Hazardous Wastes

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Computer Wastes

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Issues Involved in Setting Regulations (lots!)
Identifying Hazardous &Toxic Materials:
List often limited to current offenders and substances already linked to adverse effects (BUT many potential harmful chemicals not yet tested; many found to be toxic only after

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Dose

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- time effect: -- high dose for short time vs. low dose for long time.

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Issues Involved in Setting Regulations – cont’d
People typically exposed in 4 primary ways

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: (i) breathing; (ii) consumed through mouth; (iii) absorbed through skin; (iv) forced into bloodstream (e.g., snakebite

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Measure of toxicity:

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LD50
= Lethal dose 50% = dose of substance that
will kill 50% of test population

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Epidemiology

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= Study of distribution and determination of health and its disorders; main objective --> establish cause-effect relationships

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ccd

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d

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Troposphere

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: 5 – 11 mi (8-18 km); where most “weather” takes place; contains most atmospheric water vapor; temperature drops ~11 oF/km (6 oC/km);

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Stratosphere

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troposphere to ~31 mi (50 km); contains most ozone (9-19 mi; 15-30 km);

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Mesosphere

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– Top of stratosphere to ~31-50 mi (80 km);
Thermosphere – Top of mesosphere to ~186 mi (300 km).

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The Atmosphere
Composition

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: ~99% of clean, dry air in troposphere = 2 gases:
Nitrogen (N; 78%); Oxygen (O2; 21%);

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Primary Air Pollutants”):

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(i) Carbon monoxide (CO);
(ii) Volatile organic compounds (VOC);
(iii) Particulate matter (PM);
(iv) Sulfur dioxide (SO2);
(v) Nitrogen oxides (Nox);

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Secondary Air pollutants

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” can form when primary pollutants react with each other in sunlight;

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EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for 6 Criteria Air Pollutants:

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Sulfur dioxide (SO2);
Nitrogen oxides (NOX);
Particulate matter (PM);
Carbon monoxide (CO);
Ozone (O3);
Lead (Pb).