Glgy Final: Ore Deposits And Mineral Resources

Front 1

Naturally occurring material from which an economically valuable mineral can be extracted

Back 1

Ore

Front 2

What is a concentration factor

Back 2

Ratio of elements abundance in ore deposit to average abundance in crust

Abundance in ore deposit: Average abundance in crust

Front 3

gold needs to concentration by _______ times to make a viable, economic ore deposit.

Back 3

250 times

Front 4

What geological process can lead to the mineral ore concentration?

a. weathering and erosion

b. settling of heavy minerals in magma chamber immiscible melts in magma, aqueous fluids in magma

c. geothermal fluids

d. groundwater

e. sea water

f. all of the above

Back 4

All of the above.

Front 5

Ore minerals occur in what rock types? (sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic)

Back 5

All of them

Front 6

Ores formed at the same time as host rock are?

a) Syngenetic ores

b) Epigenetic ores

Back 6

Syngenetic ores

- formed at same time as host rock

Front 7

Ores formed after the host rock has formed (secondary process) are?

a)syngenetic ores

b) epigenetic ores

Back 7

Epigenetic ores

- ore formed after the host rock has formed (secondary process)

Front 8

What is an example of a syngenetic ore?

Back 8

Magmatic ore bodies

Front 9

Secondary veins, diagenesis and fracturing, metamorphism and fluids, weathering and erosion are all examples of what type of ore?

Back 9

Epigenetic ores

Front 10

Concentration factors: Which of these metals has the highest crustal abundance and highest exploitable grade? (higher the abundance, the higher the grade)

a) Fe

b) Cu

c) Au

Back 10

Fe

- crustal abundance = 5.0%

- exploitable grade = 25%

Front 11

Concentration factors: Which of these metals has the lowest crustal abundance and highest exploitable grade? (higher the abundance, the higher the grade)

a) Fe

b) Cu

c) Au

Back 11

Au

- crustal abundance= 0.000 000 4%

- Exploitable grade= 0.0001% (1ppm)

Front 12

Concentration factors: Which of these metals has average (middle of the 3) crustal abundance and highest exploitable grade? (higher the abundance, the higher the grade)

a) Fe

b) Cu

c) Au

Back 12

Cu

- crustal abundance= 0.005 %

- exploitable grade= 0.4%

Front 13

What are the 5 mineral deposit types?

Back 13

- Diamond

- Uranium

- Porphyry Copper

- Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide (VMS)

- Evaporite

Front 14

Diamond very hard native crystalline _________ valued as a gem

Back 14

Carbon

Front 15

How hard is diamond?

Back 15

10 on Mohs scale

Front 16

Diamond is 1000 times harder than ________

Back 16

Graphite

Front 17

Why is Diamond valued as a gem? (3 answers)

Back 17

- Rarity

- High refractive index

- symbol of strength, invincibility and love

Front 18

What is refractive index?

Back 18

Refractive index

- Ability to separate white light into spectrum of colors

Front 19

What depth and what temperature range do you need to form diamond crystal structure

Back 19

Depth= > 100 km (greater than 100 km)

Temperature = ~900-1200 °C

Front 20

How are diamonds transported to the surface?

Back 20

Magmas carry diamond-bearing mantle rocks upward through the crust to the surface

Front 21

What is the most common magma type that carries diamond-bearing mantle rocks upwards?

Back 21

Kimberlites

Front 22

Why are Kimberlites considered HOST ROCKS for diamonds?

Back 22

The diamonds did not actually crystallize directly from the magma

Front 23

Where do diamonds form? (2 answers)

Back 23

- mantle

- rare meteor

Front 24

How old is the youngest kimberlite

Back 24

47 Ma

Front 25

Kimberlites are only found in the interiors of very old __________ continents

Back 25

Archean

Front 26

True or False: There are modern kimberlite eruptions

Back 26

False

- youngest kimberlite= 47 Ma

Front 27

What is Canada's second diamond mine?

Back 27

Diavik

- began production in 2003

Front 28

What is Canadas first diamond mine?

Back 28

Ekati

Front 29

Which Canadian mine was discovered after more than 10 years of prospecting?

Back 29

Ekati

Front 30

Which Canadian mine was opened in 1998?

Back 30

Ekati

Front 31

Which Canadian mine deals with the 3 ore bodies beneath Lac de Gras

Back 31

Diavik

Front 32

Which Canadian mine is 300 km NE of Yellowknife, in area of continuous permafrost?

Back 32

Ekati

Front 33

150 kimberlites have been discovered in ________, current plan involves mining 7 high-grade ore deposits

Back 33

Ekati

Front 34

Which Canadian mine employs about 700 workers?

Back 34

Diavik

Front 35

True or False: >48 Kimberlites have been discovered in 3 seperate areas of northern Alberta.

Back 35

True

Front 36

Uranium deposits are ________ hosted

Back 36

Sandstone

Front 37

Where are Uranium deposits found in Canada?

Back 37

Athabasca basin

- Northern Saskatchewan

- Alberta

Front 38

How are Uranium deposits found?

Back 38

Drilling

- none exposed at surface

Front 39

Porphyry are large, low-to medium- grade deposits in which primary ore minerals are related to ___________ to __________ porphyritic intrustions

Back 39

felsic to intermediate

- the copper might only be less than a percent, in total area

Front 40

True or false: Porphyry deposits are the worlds MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE OF CU

Back 40

TRUE

Front 41

How much of the worlds Cu production do Porphyry deposits account for?

Back 41

50 to 60%

Front 42

How much of the worlds Mo production do Porphyry deposits account for?

Back 42

99%

Front 43

Is Porphyry Copper light colored or dark colored?

Back 43

Light colored

- a lot of silica

Front 44

How many provinces does Canada have that are banning uranium exploration mining?

Back 44

3

Front 45

Where is Porphyry copper found?

Back 45

Highland valley

- near Canloops

Front 46

How many L of water does the Highland Valley copper mine use per minute?

Back 46

200, 000 L of water

Front 47

What are the two main metals produced at the Highland Valley Copper mine

Back 47

- Copper (Cu)

- Molyibdinum (Mo)

Front 48

What percent of the water used at the Highland Valley Copper mine is recycled?

Back 48

80%

Front 49

How many pits are currently in operation at the Highland Valley Copper mine?

Back 49

three

Front 50

How deep is the current pit at the Highland Valley Copper mine?

Back 50

500 m

Front 51

How many years has the Highland Valley Copper mine been in operation?

Back 51

45 years

Front 52

Where do most of the metal concentrates from the Highland Valley Copper mine get shipped?

Back 52

Vancouver

Eastern Canada

LARGEST PART to Asia

Front 53

How big is a typical blast area at the Highland Valley Copper mine?

Back 53

Football field

Front 54

How much does a mine truck (Highland Copper mine) cost?

Back 54

3 m

Front 55

Porphyry Cu deposit typically occurs in the root zones of ___________ volcanoes in _________- related tectonic settings

Back 55

1. Andesitic

2. Subduction

Front 56

What is an example of a Porphyry copper mine that uses large scale methods to mine disseminated (dispersed across a large area) ore?

Back 56

Copper mine in Utah

- Kennecott copper mine

Front 57

What is the largest human excavation on Earth

Back 57

Kennecott Copper mine (Utah)

Front 58

How many rocks have been moved to the pit of the Kennecott Copper mine

Back 58

Over 6 billion tons

Front 59

True or False: Kennecott Copper mine is one of only two man-made objects (other is great wall of China) that is distinctly visible from space

Back 59

True

Front 60

VMS deposits typically occur as lenses of polymetallic (more than 1 metal) __________

Back 60

Sulphide

Front 61

What does VMS stand for?

Back 61

Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits

Front 62

Where do VMS deposits form?

Back 62

- at or near the seafloor in submarine volcanic environments

Front 63

VMS deposits form from ________ enriched fluids associated with seafloor hydro thermal vents

Back 63

metal

Front 64

What minerals form from VMS deposits

Back 64

Lead - used mainly in batteries

Mercury - used in thermometers, medical compounds, batteries

Iron- used to make steel

Zinc - used for galvanizing and manufacture of metal alloys

Front 65

What metal is used for galvanizing and manufacture of metal alloys?

Back 65

Zinc

Front 66

What metal is used to make steel?

Back 66

Iron

Front 67

What metal is used mainly in batteries?

Back 67

Lead

Front 68

What is mercury used in? (3 things)

Back 68

- thermometers

- medical instruments

- batteries

Front 69

What tectonic setting are VMS deposits found at?

Back 69

Hydrothermal vents

Front 70

How are Evaporites formed

Back 70

evaporation of sea water leaves behind salt deposits called evaporites

Front 71

What are 2 examples of evaporites?

Back 71

Halite

Sylvite

Front 72

Evaporites of devonian age are found in __________

Back 72

Saskatchewan

Front 73

What country supplies most of the worlds Potassium? (used in the manufacture of glass, soap, and solid fertilizer).

Back 73

Canada

Front 74

Which deposit is found at Mid-ocean ridges?

a)diamond

b) porphyry

c) uranium

d) VMS

e) Evaporites

Back 74

VMS

Front 75

Which deposits are found at the Continent Interior? (choose 3)

a)Diamond

b) Porphyry

c) Uranium

d)VMS

e) Evaporites

Back 75

- Kimberlite Diamonds

- Evaporites

- Uranium

Front 76

What deposit is found at the Magmatic Arc?

a) Diamond

b) Porphyry

c) Uranium

d) VMS

e) Evaporites

Back 76

Porphyry