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135 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
What is the shape of the neuron that we will be discussing with system?
the one with the long axon.
What is the size range of axons?
from tiny, up to 1 m.
Which way this action potential propagate of the axon?
in one direction only, from a body to the axon terminal.
What part of the neuron contains all of the major elements of the regular cell?
the body.
Define neuron:
an extremely specialized cell with unique qualities
what are the unique qualities of a neuron?
excitability, conduction of action potential, they are absolutely dependent on uninterrupted supply of glucose and oxygen.
Describe the difference between the brain and the heart going without oxygen
the heart can remain outside the body for 30 minutes, but not the brain. The heart is difficult to damage.
Name the three types of transport that can occur on axon:
1. Action potential 2.axoplasmatic 3. axonal transport
describe axoplasmatic transpost:
it is slow. There is travel only in one direction. (Example: some viruses.)
Describe axonal transport
there can be travel in both directions. (Example: herpes, rabies.).
Where does action potential transport take place on the axon?
on the membrane.
Where do axoplasmatic and axonal transport take place in the axon?
in the cytoplasm.
What other two ways that neurons connect the body?
1. Convergence 2. Divergence.
Describe convergence:
multiple neurons finish on one body. The axon terminals of multiple neurons finish of the body of one neuron. (See picture number one.).
In convergence, how many neurons can finish in to the body of one neuron?
millions.
What connected neurons, what crosses the synapse?
not electricity, neurotransmitters.
Describe divergence:
one axon sends information to multiple different axons. (See picture number two.)
Describe all of the neuron communicating in the body:
millions speak with one (convergence) in one speaks with millions (divergence.) This all happens effortlessly without us even thinking of it.
What is the difference between efferent neurons and afferent neurons?
afferent neurons are also called sensory neurons. Their cell body is in the periphery. They bring information in to the CNS. efferent neurons (also called motor neurons) send information out from the CNS. They are so body is inside the CNS. (Look at picture number three.)
What is a good way to remember efferent?
exit.
What is the inter neuron?
the one that connects the afferent and efferent within the spinal column.
What are the non-neuronal elements called the brain?
neuroglia (Schwan cells, oligodendrites, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells.)
what does glia mean?
glue. However, they are not just glue. They have other important functions.
What is a Schwan cell?
it is a cell that wraps itself around the neuron. It is the myelin layer. (Look at picture number four, and note the shape of the Schwan cells. Find the nodes of Rainier. Find the axon.
What are the oligodendrocytes?
they also create a Meylan layer. They send their myelin wrapping structure around multiple other neurons. this cell is like an octopus.
What is microglia?
it is a cell that looks similar to a snowflake. (See picture five.) It's function is similar to that of white blood cell.
What is an astrocyte?
it is a cell that surrounds endothelial walls of the capillaries of the brain. It is part of the blood brain barrier.
What types of capillaries are part of the brain?
continuous
what does the blood brain barrier consists of?
continuous capillaries, astrocytes.
What are ependymal cells?
they are cells that participate the filtration and cleansing of CSF.
where are a cell bodies of the neurons located in the brain?
in the cerebral cortex.
How thick of the cerebral cortex?
2 to 4 mm.
what is considered the gray matter?
the cerebral cortex.
What is considered white matter?
the myelinated axons leaving the cortex
what part of the neuron does Grey matter have?
just the body
what does white matter contain?
axon with cover, sometimes Schwan cells
what a strange about the structure and function of the brain?
there is no relation between structure and function.
If a person has a change in personality, where could they possibly have brain damage?
frontal area.
Is the filiment part of the brain higher brain ancient brain?
ancient brain
what is the headquarters of the autonomic nervous system?
the hypothalamus.
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
everything except skeletal muscle and bones.
What are some nickname for the pituitary gland?
master gland of the organism, master gland of the endocrine system
what is the function of the pituitary gland?
it regulates all other glands except for the pancreas.
Where is the pituitary gland located?
in its own enclosure inside the brain, a the cella turcica
where is the ancient brain located?
in the center, and below
what kind of animals have only in ancient brain?
reptiles, birds
why do patients with only ancient brain function go on for decades?
because all endocrine functions will continue and brain-dead people.
What part of the brain controls emotions?
the hypothalamus.
What are some functions of the hypothalamus?
emotions, basic emotional behavior, mating, all reflexes. Jumping to save a child is a reflex. This is all controlled by the hypothalamus.
Where do the majority of peripheral cranial nerves come from?
the brain stem.
How many pairs of cranial nerves come from the brain stem?
12
how does swallowing work?
it is a coordinated activity that involves hundreds of reflexes.
What happens, the higher you go on the brain?
ability and coordination become more complex.
Where do neurotransmitters get released?
in the synaptic cleft.
Where do nervous system drugs operate?
in the synapse.
A synapse separates to structures. What types of structures do synapse separate?
neuron and neuron, neuron and muscle (neuromuscular junction), neuron in glands (neuroglandular junction.)
Who was Otto Loeli?
the guy who discovered how action potential jumped the synapse. He won the Nobel Prize.
What was Otto's hypothesis?
that the presynaptic neuron actually released a chemical substance that caused the depolarization of the second neuron membrane.
What is the foundation of everything we are studying and anesthesia?
an understanding of the autonomic nervous system.
What are the seven steps to an action potential jumping the synapse with acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system?
1. Action potential travels of the presynaptic neuron.2. Action potential opens voltage regulated calcium channel. Calcium gets inside the cell. 3. Granules containing acetylcholine are activated by calcium, and acetylcholine is released. 4. Acetylcholine diffuses into the synapse, and attaches to the acetylcholine receptor in the postsynaptic neuron. 5. Sodium channel in the postsynaptic neuron is open, sodium gets inside the postsynaptic neuron 6. Action potential and postsynaptic neuron is formed. 7. Acetylcholine is removed from the receptor by acetylcholine esterase, and an acetate gets removed from acetylcholine, and his reuptake and by the presynaptic neuron.
What is the enzyme that removes acetylcholine from the receptor in the synapse?
acetylcholine esterase (see picture six.)
How does acetylcholine get produced in the presynaptic neuron?
acetyl coenzyme A combines with choline. This forms the protective acetylcholine granules that can activated by calcium.
What do botulism and spider venom do in the presynaptic neuron?
they interfere with acetyl coenzyme a combining with choline, thus preventing the formation of acetylcholine granules.
When acetylcholine is removed from the post synaptic neurons acetylcholine receptor, why is choline not thrown away?
because it is very valuable in producing acetylcholine granules after its reuptake of the presynaptic neuron.
How does choline make it back into the presynaptic neuron?
core transport and Russian bride.
??? confirm this
What splits the acetylcholine that is bound to the postsynaptic neuron receptor in the autonomic nervous system?
acetyl coenzyme a??? not acetylcholine esterase?
how does serin gas affect the autonomic nervous system?
the paralyzes skeletal muscle. It also causes SLUD syndrome.
What choices do we have, pharmacologically, to control the synapse in the autonomic nervous system?
you can occupy the receptor with an agent, or block the enzyme.
In the presynaptic neuron, how many acetylcholine granules does one action potential release?
300
in the autonomic nervous system, how long does acetylcholine bind to its receptor in the postsynaptic neuron?
to milli-seconds
in the autonomic nervous system, what happens in the postsynaptic membrane when sodium channel opens?
depolarization in formation of a new action potential in the postsynaptic membrane
in the autonomic nervous system, after the to milliseconds acetylcholine is attached to its receptor, where is ACH taken?
back to presynaptic neuron by co-transport.

??? cofirm this
In the autonomic nervous system, what two things can drugs do in the synapse?
1. Block the enzyme 2. Occupy the receptor.
What two things about physiology do we as anesthetists need to know more than anything?
the story about this nervous system in the synapse, in signal transduction.
(Look at picture number seven) what other seven steps to action potential jumping the synapse with norepinephrine?
1. Action potential traveling in presynaptic neuron 2. Action potential opens calcium channel, calcium gets inside presynaptic neuron 3. Calcium activates norepinephrine granules, norepinephrine diffuses into synapse 4. Norepinephrine binds to receptor in postsynaptic neuron 5. Sodium channel open 6. Postsynaptic action potential is formed.
How does norepinephrine get removed from the postsynaptic receptor?
MAO. This removal mechanism is different from the one that removes acetylcholine. Norepinephrine is removed from the postsynaptic receptor in the reuptake of the presynaptic neuron. Norepinephrine brought to the mitochondria of the presynaptic neuron. In there, MAO transforms it. This is an active process that involves utilization of energy, ATP--> ADP.
What is the trigger that causes granules in the presynaptic neuron to be released?
calcium.
Very important: talk about where norepinephrine comes from:
it comes from the amino acid tyrosine. (Look at picture number eight.) 1. Tyrosine turns to L-dopa. 2. L-dopa turns to dopamine. 3. Dopamine turns to norepinephrine 4. Norepinephrine turns to epinephrine
what is the precursor for norepinephrine?
tyrosine
when name three ways we can increase the amounts of the three neurotransmitters in the synapse?
1. Stop the endyme that removed it from the receptor (MOAi's) 2. Block the reuptake of neurotransmitters (TCAs, SSRI'scocaine) 3. Increase the release of neurotransmitters (amphetamine.)
how will a person feel emotionally when they have a lot of all three neurotransmitters in the synapse?
happy
anatomically, what is the nervous system divided into?
for central nervous system in the peripheral nervous system.
Physiologically, what is the peripheral nervous system divided into?
the somatic nervous system into the autonomic nervous system
??? confirm
what is the somatic nervous system control?
muscles.
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
the heart, smooth muscle, and glands.
How was the autonomic nervous system divided up?
into the sympathetic nervous system into the parasympathetic nervous system.
In terms of function, how do the sympathetic nervous system in parasympathetic nervous system compared to one another?
they are opposing each other in most cases.
What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the heart?
increase rate, increase contractility.
What does the parasympathetic nervous system due to the heart?
decrease rate, decrease contractility
what does the sympathetic nervous system due to the lungs?
increases diameter of bronchial airways.
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to lungs?
constrict bronchial airways
what does the sympathetic nervous system due to the penis?
ejaculation
what does the parasympathetic system due to the penis?
erection, vasodilation
if you have a patient whose blood pressure and contractility is too high, what two ways can you address this pharmacologically?
1. Block the sympathetic nervous system (beta, alpha blocker) 2. Activate the parasympathetic nervous system (which is not utilized.)
What do you do, pharmacologically, and to remove bronchospasm?
give a beta agonist. It activates the sympathetic nervous system. Also, you can give an anticholinergic the blocks the parasympathetic nervous system (like for example, Atrovent.)
On the spinal column, where does the parasympathetic nervous system have its origin?
in the cranal and sacral areas.
What systems to both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system enervate?
heart, smooth muscle, glandular structures.
What system does the somatic nervous system control?
skeletal muscles
of the somatic, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous system's, which one consists of only one neuron in finishes on the effector organ?
the somatic nervous system. (Look at picture number nine.)
Which neurotransmitter gets released in all ganglionic synapses?
acetylcholine
name the places the acetylcholine gets released in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, in somatic nervous system some:
in all ganglionic synapses, and in the post-ganglionic synapse of the parasympathetic nervous system (near the effector organ.)
What is the name of the receptor on the effector organ of the somatic nervous system?
nicotinic receptor. It is on skeletal muscle
what do we call it when a neurotransmitter is released in the ganglionic synapse?
" in the ganglia"
which receptor is found in all three presynaptic synapses?
nicotinic
what is the name of the receptor on the effector organ of the parasympathetic nervous system?
muscurinic
what is the name of the receptor on the effector organ of the sympathetic nervous system?
adrenergic receptor
which neurotransmitter is released at the synapse of the effector organ of the sympathetic nervous system?
norepinephrine. It acts on the adrenergic receptor
what are the effector organ for the parasympathetic nervous system?
heart, smooth muscle, gland
what are the effector organs for the sympathetic nervous system?
heart, smooth muscle, glands
how many neurons are there with the somatic nervous system?
one
how many neurons are there for the sympathetic into parasympathetic nervous system?
two
what neurotransmitter is released in the effector organ of the parasympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
what neurotransmitters released in the ganglionic synapse of the sympathetic nervous system?
acetylcholine
what neurotransmitters released on the effector organ of the somatic nervous system?
acetylcholine
what neurotransmitters released in the synapse of the effector organ of the sympathetic nervous system?
norepinephrine
which method of transport do nicotinic receptors utilize?
lygand operated channel
which method of transport do muscurinic receptors utilize?
G protein.
What different types of nicotinic receptors are there?
N1 receptor, N2 receptor
what different types of muscurinic receptors on their?
M1 thru M5
what is different types of adrenergic receptors are there?
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, beta 3
what do you call a parasympathetic agonist?
a parasympathometic, or, cholinergic agent.
What do you call a parasympathetic antagonists?
a parasympatholytic, or, anticholinergic
what do you call a sympathetic agonist?
sympathomimetic, or, adrenergic
what do you call a sympathetic antagonists in?
sympatholytic, anti adrenergic, beta-blocker, or alpha blocker.
Where does the word adrenergic come from?
this is what is called in England. Epinephrine was first discovered in the adrenal glands in the 19th century.
What will the word "ganglionic" mean?
referred to the synapse at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron
what will the essay questions be for the section?
1. Action potential, membrane potential 2. Everything autonomic nervous system will be a big bonus 3. Know all signal transduction by heart.
In the spinal column, where does the sympathetic nervous system have its origin?
In the thoracic and lumbar area.
what are the major components of the brain?
Cerebral Cortex
Basal Nuclei
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Brain Stem (Midbrain, Pons, and the Medulla.)
what does the cerebral cortex control?
1. Sensory perception
2. Voluntary control of movement
3. Language
4. Personality traits
5. Sophisticated mental events, such as thinking, memory, decision making, creativity and self consciousness
what does the basal nuclei control
1. Inhibition of muscle tone
2. Coordination of slow, sustained movements.
3. Suppression of useless patterns of movement.
what does the thalmus control?
1. reley ststion for all synaptic input
2. crude awareness of sensation
3. some degree of consciousness
4. role in motor control
what does the hypothalmus control?
1. Regulation of many homeostatic functions, such as temperature control, thirst, urine output and
food intake.
2. Important link between nervous and endocrine systems.
3. Extensive involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patterns
what does the cerebellum control?
1. balance
2. muscle tone
3. coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity
what does the brain stem control?
1. prgin of the majority of peripheral cranial nerves
2. heart, respiratory and digestive center control
3. muscle reflexes involved in equilibrium and posture
4. reception and integration of all synaptic input from spinal cord, arousal and activation of cerebral cortex
5. sleep center