Glencoe Biology Terms Chapter 5,6.7 (Grade 9)

Front 1

Acid precipitation

Back 1

Rain, snow, sleet, and fog with low pH values

Front 2

Biodiversity

Back 2

- the variety of species in a specific area.

Front 3

Edge Effect

Back 3

the different conditions along the boundaries of an ecosystem.

Front 4

Exotic Species

Back 4

species not native to a particular area.

Front 5

Extinction

Back 5

the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies.

Front 6

Habitat Degradation

Back 6

the damage to a habitat by pollution.

Front 7

Habitat Fragmentation

Back 7

the separation of wilderness areas from other wilderness areas.

Front 8

Ozone Layer

Back 8

a region of Earth’s atmosphere between about 15 km and 35 km altitude.

Front 9

Threatened Species

Back 9

a species that is likely to become endangered

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Captivity

Back 10

an organism that is held by people.

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Conservation biology

Back 11

The study and implementation of methods to protect biodiversity

Front 12

Habitat Corridors

Back 12

protected strips of land that allow the migration of organisms from one wilderness area to another

Front 13

Natural Resources

Back 13

those parts of the environment that are useful or necessary for living organisms

Front 14

Reintroduction Programs

Back 14

programs that release organisms into an area where the species once lived.

Front 15

Sustainable USe

Back 15

- philosophy that strives to enable people to use natural resources in ways that will benefit them and maintain the ecosystem

Front 16

Acid

Back 16

any substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water

Front 17

Atom

Back 17

the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element

Front 18

Base

Back 18

any substance that forms hydroxide ions(H-) in water

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Compund

Back 19

a substance that is composed of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined

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Covalent Bond

Back 20

chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons.

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Element

Back 21

substance that can’t be broken down into simpler chemical substances

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Ion

Back 22

a charged particle made of atoms.

Front 23

Ionic Bond

Back 23

the attractive force between two ions of opposite charge.

Front 24

Isotope

Back 24

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

Front 25

Metabolism

Back 25

all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

Front 26

Mixture

Back 26

a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties

Front 27

Molecule

Back 27

a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. It has no overall charge.

Front 28

Nucleus

Back 28

the center of an atom.

Front 29

PH

Back 29

the measure of how acidic or base a solution is.

Front 30

Solution

Back 30

a mixture in which one or more substances (solutes) are distributed evenly in another substance (solvent)

Front 31

Diffusion

Back 31

the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 32

Dynamic Equillibrium

Back 32

result of diffusion where there is continuous movement of particles but no overall change in concentration.

Front 33

Hydrogen Bond

Back 33

weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of positively charged hydrogen atoms to other negatively charged atoms.

Front 34

Polar Molecule

Back 34

a molecule with an unequal distribution of charge; each molecule has a positive and negative end

Front 35

Amino Acid

Back 35

basic building blocks of proteins molecules. There are about 20 common amino acids.

Front 36

Carbohydrate

Back 36

bio molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom. Carbohydrates are used by cells to provide energy.

Front 37

Enzyme

Back 37

a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction.

Front 38

Isomer

Back 38

compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different three-dimensional structures.

Front 39

Lipid

Back 39

large biomolecules that are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. Fats, oils, waxes and steroids are all lipids.

Front 40

Nucleic Acid

Back 40

a complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.

Front 41

Nucleotide

Back 41

subunits of nucleic acid formed from a simple sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Front 42

Peptide Bond

Back 42

covalent bond formed between amino acids.

Front 43

Polymer

Back 43

a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together.

Front 44

Protein

Back 44

large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. They provide structure for tissues and organs and carry out cell metabolism.

Front 45

Cell

Back 45

the basic units of living organisms.

Front 46

Cell Theory

Back 46

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Front 47

Compound light microscope

Back 47

microscopes that uses a series of lenses to magnify objects in steps. These microscopes can magnify objects up to about 1500 times.

Front 48

Electron Microscope

Back 48

Electron microscope- this microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times their actual size, allowing scientists to see structures within a cell.

Front 49

Eukaryote-

Back 49

unicellular or multicellular organisms such as yeast, plants, and animals, composed of eukaryotic cells, which contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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Nucleus-

Back 50

the central membrane-bound organelle that manages or controls cellular functions

Front 51

Organelle-

Back 51

Organelle- membrane-bound structures with particular functions within eukaryotic cells.

Front 52

Prokaryote-

Back 52

unicellular organisms such as bacteria, each of which is composed of a prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membrane-bound structures.

Front 53

Fluid mosaic model-

Back 53

structural model of the plasma membrane, where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.

Front 54

Phospholipid-

Back 54

lipids with an attached phosphate group; plasma membranes are composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Front 55

Plasma membrane-

Back 55

flexible boundary between the cell and its environment; allows material such as water and nutrients to enter and waste products to leave.

Front 56

Selective permeability-

Back 56

the feature of the plasma membrane that maintains homeostasis within a cell by allowing some molecules in the cell while keeping others out.

Front 57

Transport proteins-

Back 57

proteins that span the plasma membrane creating a selectively permeable membrane that regulates which molecules enter and leave the cell.

Front 58

Cell wall-

Back 58

fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, and most bacteria, in some protists; provides support and protection.

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Chlorophyll-

Back 59

light absorbing pigments in plants and some protists that is required for photosynthesis; absorbs most wavelengths of light except for green.

Front 60

Chloroplast-

Back 60

chlorophyll containing organelles found in the cells of green plants and some protists; capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy.

Front 61

Chromatin-

Back 61

long strands of DNA found in eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes.

Front 62

Cilia-

Back 62

short, numerous, hair-like projections composed of pairs of microtubules; frequently aid in locomotion.

Front 63

Cytoplasm-

Back 63

clear, gelatinous fluid in cells that is the site of numerous chemical reactions; in eukaryotic cells, it suspends the cell’s organelles.

Front 64

Cytoskeleton-

Back 64

cellular framework found within the cytoplasm composed of microtubules and micro filaments.

Front 65

Endoplasmic reticulum-

Back 65

Endoplasmic reticulum- organelle in the eukaryotic cells with a series of highly folded membranes surrounded in cytoplasm; site of cellular chemical reactions; can either be rough( with ribosomes) or smooth ( without ribosomes).

Front 66

Flagella-

Back 66

Flagella- long projections composed of microtubules; found on some cell surfaces; they help propel cells and organisms by a whiplike motion.

Front 67

Golgi apparatus-

Back 67

organelle in eukaryotic cells with a system of flattened tubular membranes; sorts and packs proteins and sends them to their appropriate destinations.

Front 68

Lysosome-

Back 68

organelles that contain digestive enzymes; digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.

Front 69

Microfilament-

Back 69

thin, solid protein fibers that provide structural support for eukaryotic cells.

Front 70

Microtubule-

Back 70

thin, hollow cylinders made of protein that provide structural support for eukaryotic cells.

Front 71

Mitochondria-

Back 71

eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles that transform energy stored in food molecules; has a highly folded inner membrane that produces energy storing molecules.

Front 72

Nucleolus-

Back 72

organelle and eukaryotic cell nucleus that produces ribosomes.

Front 73

Plastid-

Back 73

group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments.

Front 74

Ribosome-

Back 74

non-membrane-bound organelles in the nucleus, where proteins are assembled.

Front 75

Vacuole-

Back 75

membrane-bound space in the cytoplasm of cells used for the temporary storage of materials.