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230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
If a patient has elevated IOP with normal optic nerves, intact nerve fiber layer and normal threshold visual fields the diagnosis is
|
Ocular Hypertension
|
|
Currently, elevated IOP is conidered to be above _______ mmHg by Goldmann Tonometry
|
21
|
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_________ is an optic neuropathy characterized by progressive damage to the optic nerve called cupping, damage to the retinal nerve fiber layer, and subsequent sensory damage to the visual field
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POAG
Damage usually occurs in the presence of elevated IOP |
|
COAG refes to
|
either primary or secondary open angle glaucoma
COAG is less specific than POAG and is appropiate when there exists confusion with respect to etiology |
|
_________ glaucoma involves progressive optic nerve damage, damage to the RNFL, and subsequent loss of the visual field at normal or even low levels of IOP
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Normal tension or Low tension Glaucoma
|
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T/F Angle closure glaucoma results from the appositional closure of the anterior chamber angle by the PERIPHERAL iris
|
T
Closure can be either acute or chronic, primary or secondary, or even intermittent |
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This racial group is more prone to angle closure glaucoma
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eastern and southeaster nasian people
|
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Characterstics of Glaucoma:
SCAB |
Slowly Progressive
Chronic in Nature Asymmeetric Bilateral |
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____ fibers connect the scleral spur to the limbus
|
longitudinal fibers
|
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T/F Radial fibers connect longitudinal fibers to circular fibers
|
T
|
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Where does the iris insert into the cilary body?
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Anterior "short" side
|
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Where is the aqueous humor produced?
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anterior portion of the ciliary processes
|
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What are the three sites of collateral anastomoses of the aterial blood supply?
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1. Major Arterial Circle
2. Intramuscular Circle 3. Episcleral Circle |
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Complex processes are involved in forming aqueous, such as _______ and __________
|
ultrafiltration and diffusional exchange
|
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______ facilitates fluid movement out of capillaries into the stroma
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ultrafiltration
|
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T/F Active transport/secretion of aqueous humor is energy-independent
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FALSE
energy dependent. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors decrease both the rate of entry of bicarbonate into new aqeuous and the rate of H2O into the posterior chamber |
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_____ decrease both the rate of entry of bicarbonate into new aqeuous and the rate of H2O into the posterior chamber
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CAIs
|
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What borders the anterior chamber angle?
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Anteriorly: scleral groove
Posteriorly: iris |
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T/F Schlemm's Canal can be directly observed during gonio
|
FALSE
cannot be observed UNLESS negative pressure is applied during gonio and blood is regurgitated into the canal |
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3 Portions of the Optic nerve include
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Prelaminar- surrounded by outer retina choriocapilalris and choriod
Laminar- contained within the lamina cribrosa Retrolaminar- MYELINATED posterior to te lamina cribrosa |
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T/F The Optic Nerve head is myelinated in the laminar portion
|
FALSE
Only in retrolaminar portion |
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2 Theories of Glaucoma are
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Vasogenic
Mechanical |
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What are Quigley's 3 questions you need to ask in order to assess glaucoma?
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1. What is the primary site of injury?
2. What factors contribue to axonal injury? 3. How do the ganglion cells die? |
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How do Ganglion cells die?
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1. Glutamate is a neurotoxin usually seen as a result of ischemia.
2.Apoptosis- preprogramemd genetic mode for individual cellular suicide. |
|
Definition of neuroprotection
|
It is protection of damaged cell bodies of axons. It is the protetion of adjacent axons from release of noxious agents (secondary damage)
The goal of Neuroprotection is to limit neuronal dysfunction/death after CNS injury and attempt to maintain the highest possible integrity of cellular interactions in the brain resulting in an undisturbed neural function |
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2 Potential Pre-NMDA agents that would be neuroprotective are
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Riluzole and Lifarazine.
Both attentuates glutamate release(glutamate is used to kill ganglion cells by the body) |
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Potential NMDA receptor antagonists/blockers that could be neuroprotective are:
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Felbamate- a gylcin binding-site antagonist
Magnesium- open channel blocker memantine- open channel blocker nitroglycerin- redox site |
|
This can be used to measure narrow anterior chamber angles
|
A-scan ultrasonography- assesses risk of angle closure.
75% of angle closure glaucoma occurs in chambes < 1.5 mm |
|
75% of angle closure glaucoma occurs in chambers < __ mm
|
1.5
|
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The optic nerve blood supply:
|
central retinal arteries via the short posterior ciliary arteries
|
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TIGR nucleic acid stands for
|
Trabecular Meshwork Induced Glucocorticoid Resposne
|
|
This barrier prevents movement of sbustances from plasma to aqeuous humor
|
blood-aqueous barrier.
Many mechanisms compromise this barrier, for instance, prostaglandins |
|
When Schwalbe's line is pigmented it is known as
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Sampoaleski's line.
|
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What controls IOP by impeding outflow?
|
Trabecular meshowrk
|
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What makes up the traecular meshwork?
|
Uveal-radial cords
Corneo-sceral-circumferential sheets covered y ENDOTHELIAL cells and poresb |
|
The trabecular meshwork constains ________ that help control IOP
|
nucopolysccardies of hyaluronic acid
|
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The junxtacanalicular tissue contains ________ which is responsible for the STICKINESS of the angle
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amorpic material --> Hyaluronic acid.
|
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___ vacuoles facilitate one way flow of aqueous out of Schlemm's Canal
|
Giant
|
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________% of aqueous exits the eye via Schlemm's canal
|
90
|
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T/F Prescribing Xalatan and Pilocarpine at the same time aids in the reduction of IOP
|
FALSE!!
Xalatan activates the uveoscleral pathway while pilocabine blocks this pathway to increase outflow through trabecular meshwork... these 2 drugs work against eachother. |
|
_________ is the optic nerve's point of exit through the sclera
|
scleral lamina cribrosa.
--> 200-300 irregular perforation in the sclea form the optic canal. |
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T/F Arcuate bundles respect the horziontal raphe
|
T
|
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Axons within the _______ bundle folow a direct path to the optic nerve
|
papillomacular
|
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What is the "neighborhood effect"?
|
Axons die and as a result, all the surrounding die, probably due to break down products of the dad axons which are toxic to living axons.
|
|
Eary changes in the posterior segment resulting in glaucoma?
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Compression of laminar pores, distortion of laminar bores, and blockage of axonal transport.
Bimonidine has been shown to have neuroprotecive effect |
|
T/F Bimonidine has been shown to have neuroprotecive effect
|
T
|
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If Pallor changes is greater than cupping, te problem may be
|
neurological
|
|
Loss of function seen in visual fields and contrast sensitivity is due to_________
|
nerve fiber layer dropout
|
|
Where is the primary site of injury to the optic nerve?
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Sclera lamina!!!
|
|
This type of gonioscopy is useful for differentiating pupillary block in angle closure glaucoma and may help reduce IOP in angle closure glaucoma
|
Dynamic/Compression Gonio
|
|
Narrow anterior chamber angles may be measured using _________
|
A scan ultrasonography
|
|
___% of AOG occurs in chambers less than 1.5 mm
|
75%
|
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75% of AOG occurs in chambers that are < ______ mm
|
1.5
|
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T/F ACG is very rare in chambers > 2.5 mm
|
T
|
|
Average CCT among OHT patients were found to be _________ microns
|
570 microns
|
|
Damage to the optic nerve examples:
|
neuroretinal rim thinning
enlargement of cup laminar dots peripaillary atrophy optic atrophy RNFL drip outs Drance Hemorrgages Baring of cicumlinear veseels bean-pot cupping |
|
_________ is the thinning of the retina and retinal, pigment epithelium in the region immediately surrounding the optic nerve head.
|
Peripapillary atrophy
|
|
When the lamina cribrosa is visible with grey dots, it is known as
|
"lamellar dots"
|
|
Relative order of thickness of the rim is
|
Inferior > Superior > Nasal > Temporal
|
|
Defects to the Retrinal Nerve Fiber Layer Integrity is enhanced and domcumented with
|
red-free illumination
|
|
Bayoneting of the blood vessels, proudfound damage to the ONH architecture, end-stage gualoma are all characteristics of
|
BEAN-POT enlargement of the cup
|
|
A small disc hemorrhage, known as a splinter or _______hemorrhage, is commonly associated with normal tension glaucoma.
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Drance
These hemorrhages typically appear blot-like when located on the disc, and more flame shaped if they are in close proximity to the disc. |
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Drance hemorrhages are commonly associated with this type of glaucoma
|
Normal tension
|
|
These hemorrhages typically appear blot-like when located on the disc, and more flame shaped if they are in close proximity to the disc.
|
Drance Hemmorhages
|
|
T/F Screening visual fields are commonly used with new fast threshold programs
|
FALSE
|
|
FDT measure
|
non-linear response to contract by My-type cells
|
|
This type of perimetry determines the extent of the damage quantitatively
|
THRESHOLD automated perimetry
data i digitalized, archived, and followed statistically over time. remains the cornerstrone to detect, document, and follow fluacomatous damage over time |
|
This test remains the cornerstrone to detect, document, and follow fluacomatous damage over time
|
Threshold automated perimetry
|
|
Common glaucomatous sivuel field losses include
|
arcuate field defects
nasal step paracentral defects temporal sector-shaped defects |
|
T/F Diffuse visual field loss is non-specific for glaucoma
|
T
|
|
T/F Focal loss has not been well definied and is not specific for gluacoma
|
F
focal loss=glaucoma |
|
Visual fields of glaucoma patients tend to show _______ defects 2:1 and ___ closer to fixation
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Superior
Superior |
|
This test may find defects 3-5 years sooner, and involves 2-color incremet threshold procedure
|
SWAP
|
|
This device uses a confocal scanning system to acquire 3-dimensional images of the optic nerve and retina. This data is used for retinal thickness measurements as well as topographic optic nerve head analysis.
|
Topographic Scanning System
|
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The GDx looks at
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RNFL and detects its retardation. MEasures thicnkess in an undilated pupil in < .7 sec
|
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Advantages of using GDx for RNFL detection
|
no mag erro, no reference plane needed, defects can be found earlier.
HOWEVER, cornea can induce significant artifacts!!! |
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Color-coded Thickness maps:
___ colors show thicker areas and ____ colors show thinner areas. _____ represents missing RNFL |
BRIGHT (white, yellow)
Dark (red, blue) Black |
|
This test visualizes results where the whole column repesents the total optic nerve head area in a specific vector. It is divided into % rim area versus Cup Area
|
Moorfields regression analysis
|
|
The OCT measures
|
RNFL thickness in the peripapillary region using lser lights.
|
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1. In glaucoma the retina nerve fiber layer and the optic nerve are________ damaged?
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o Progressively
|
|
2. What are the 8 secondary glauccomas
U SHEEP IT |
o Uveitic
o Steroid o Hypoxic conditionso Episcleral Venous plexus elevation—unilateral IOP o Exfoliant o Pigmentary dispersion o Inflammatory o Traumatic |
|
3. Progressive damage to the optive nerve in POAG is called? Which is a type of?
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o Cupping
o Optic neuropathy |
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4. What is the Hallmark sign in POAG?
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o Cupping
|
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5. Low tension Glaucoma is usually seen in patients with this systemic disease?
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o Vascular
|
|
6. What must the pressure be to be considered LTG?
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o 21 or below
|
|
7. What is the main point about treating LTG
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o Get the pressures low even though they are technically normal
|
|
8. How do u differential the etiology of OAG vs ACG?
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o Gonioscopy
|
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9. What demographic has the highest prevalence for OAG? How much higher
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o AA
o 4 x, |
|
10. OAG is the leading cause of blindness in what demographic?
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o AA
|
|
11. What is the percentage of people over 70 with OcHTN?
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o 25%
|
|
12. 4 things that characterize MOST glaucoma?
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o Bilateral
o Slowly progressive o Chronic o Asymmetric |
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13. This is the site of aqueous production?
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o Ciliary process eepithelial cells
|
|
14. Ciliary muscles are?
|
o Longitudinal
o Connect limbus to Scl spur |
|
15. If one sees too much CB..think what?
|
o Trauma
|
|
16. What happens when IOPs jump to 40 or higher?
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o The ciliary body becomes ischemic
|
|
17. What drug is contraindicated as the pressures reach above 40?
|
o Pilo
|
|
18. What class of drugs works DIRECTLY on active transport of aqueous production
|
o CAIs
|
|
19. IOP is highest at what time of day? This change in IOPs throughout the day is called
|
o Morning
o Diurnal Variation |
|
20. What is a pigmented Schwalbes line called?
|
o Sampaolesi’s line
|
|
21. How does TM control IOP?
|
o Impedes outflow
|
|
22. what covers the endothelial cells of the TM?
|
o Corne-scleral circumferential sheets
|
|
23. This acid exists in the interTrabecular space? And it does what?
|
o Mucopolysaccharide hyaloruronic acid
o Control IOP |
|
24. This acid exists in the Juxtacanalicular tissue and does what? What class of drug can greatly affect IOP at this point
|
o Amorphic material Hylorounic acid
o Stickiness o Steriod |
|
25. where does the majority of aqueous exit the eye?
|
o Schlemm’s
|
|
26. what two drugs counteract each other?
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o Xalatan and Pilo
|
|
27. What drug is contraindicated as the pressures reach above 40?
|
o Pilo\
|
|
28. Prostaglandins work at what source of outflow?
|
o Uveoscleral
|
|
29. Prelaminar region of the ON consists of? Blood supply via?
|
o Outer retina
o Choriocapillaries o Choroids o Peripapillary choroidal arteries\ |
|
30. Blood supply of scleral laminar region?
|
o Short posterior ciliaries\
|
|
31. Optic nerve Blood supply?
|
o CRA and short posterior ciliary, yet it varies
|
|
32. which drug has been shown to have neuroprotective affect (namebrand/generic)
|
o Alphagan –P and brimondine
|
|
33. Pathological signs of ON changes?
|
o Cupping, pallor, NFL dropout
|
|
34. Primary site of injury?
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o Sclera lamina
|
|
35. how do ganglion cells die?
|
o Glutamate
|
|
36. what is the first thing we do during an exam? Second? Throughout the exam?
|
o Take history
|
|
37. how does blood loss lead to glaucoma?
|
o Decreased profusion to the nerves
|
|
38. OHT are considered to be above?
|
o 21 mmhg
|
|
39. definitely treat when the IOP gets above?
|
o 30
|
|
40. Pseudoexfoliation disease is what type of disease?
|
o Basement membrane
|
|
41. how often should we check patients with PEX?
|
o 6 months
|
|
42. Radial slits in the mid peripheral iris is indicative of?
|
o Pigment dispersions syndrome
|
|
43. Patients with pigment dispersion will have this on the endothelium of the cornea?
|
o Krukenburg spindles
|
|
44. what Is the most common cause of enucleation?
|
o Neovascular Glaucoma
|
|
45. what do we look for in NVG?
|
o Diabetes, CRVO, malignant melanoma, ischemia, RD with Buckle
|
|
46. What drug is contraindicated as the pressures reach above 40 and with NVG?
|
o Pilo/miotics
|
|
47. What is the only direct gonioscopy?
|
o Koeppe
|
|
48. How do we use spaeth?
|
o ABCDE, E=40, angle degree, and RSQ
o R=reg o S=steep o Q=queer |
|
49. in 75% of ACG what is the depth of their anterior chamber? Checked by what device?
|
o < 1.5mm
o A scan |
|
50. ACG is very rare in anterior chambers greater than? With an exception for what?
|
o 2.5
o plateaued iris |
|
51. Average K thickness in OHT?
|
o 570
|
|
52. what is Notching?
|
o A small area where there is no neural retinal rim and corresponds to VF damage
|
|
53. What is saucerization of the cup?
|
o Vessels disappearing under a shelf
|
|
54. What is shelving?
|
o Enlargement of the cup which eats away underneath the superior rim
|
|
55. Poor perfusion /compromised vasculature causes what?
|
o Peripapillary atrophy
|
|
56. what is a sign of progressive disease?
|
o Baring of the circumlinear vessels
|
|
57. what is a indication of endstage glaucoma? And what is the definition?
|
o Bean-pot enlargement of the cup
o Bayoneting of the BV |
|
58. Drance heme is a significant sign in what type of Glaucoma?
|
o NTG
|
|
59. What type of damaged cells is the FDT more sensitive to?
|
o My-cells
|
|
60. FDT may be more sensitive in detected what?
|
o Early damage
|
|
61. Threshold Automated perimetry is ?
|
o Qauntitative
|
|
62. what type of people have more false negs?
|
o Glaucoma idiots
|
|
63. what are popcorn fields do to?
|
o High false positive
|
|
64. what part of the VF is important in end stage glaucoma
|
o Global indicies
|
|
65. 4 criteria to look at on a field to determine if it is usable?
|
o Appropriate, reliable, repeatable, and correlates to the nerve
|
|
66. how do u determine depth of field loss on a VF?
|
o PSD or CPSD
|
|
67. Mean Deviation increase in progressive glaucoma, yet it can also do this in?
|
o Cataracts, uncorrected refractive error, and miotic pupils
|
|
68. Statistic filter #1 is ? if it is large it is?
|
o Total deviation
o Bad |
|
69. Most common field defect in early VFs? Seen in combo with?
|
o Arcuate
o Nasal steop |
|
70. diffuse vs localized, which one is defined for specific glauocoma
|
o localized
|
|
71. Field should coincide with what appearance?
|
o ONH
|
|
72. TOP SS measures? NFA measures?
|
o Topography/ contour of nerve over time (mts and valleys)
o Change in NFL thickness over time (grass length on the mountains and valleys) |
|
73. Dark areas in TOP SS =?
|
o Depressed
|
|
74. NFA measures the retardation and converts data to what measurement?
|
o Thickness
|
|
75. NFA is qualitation or quantitative?
|
o Quantitative
|
|
76. The fixed corneal compensator compensates for what in the GDx?
|
o Coreal bifringes
|
|
77. HRT is good for both…?
|
o Glaucoma and macular edema
|
|
78. what does it mean in an HRT if the image quality is greater than 40
|
o repeat test, unrealiable picture
|
|
79. OCT is good for?
|
o Glaucoma and optic neuropathies
|
|
80. According to the AGIS what is the appropriate way to address all advance disease?
|
o Drugs
o Drugs and laser o Drugs, laser, filtration |
|
81. The AGIS 7 said the best control in IOP is what number?
|
o 12.3
|
|
82. The results of the EMGT reduced the IOP by what? This basically states that if u lower IOP by this percentage then the drug is efficacious?
|
o 5.1
o 25%, yet conclude that this was not low enough due to treatment modalities |
|
83. EMGT was considered what by the US standards? Why?
|
o Unethical
o Control group was not treated |
|
84. The European Glaucoma prevention study concluded that?
|
o There is no statistically significance btw med therapy and placebo in lowering IOP
|
|
85. In cataract formation the NTG said?
|
o There is an increase in glaucoma pts. With filtration sx
|
|
86. NTG also concluded that IOP?
|
o Part of the pathogenesis and should treat NTG pts to lower IOP
|
|
87. Which Prosaglandin caused the most hyperemia?
|
o Lumigan
|
|
88. OHTS suggests that black people have a higer risk of POAG bc of?
|
o Thinner central corneas and larger vertical CDs
|
|
89. The practical implicaytions that arose from the OHTS was?
|
o Consider meacuring CCT in ALL patients with OHTN
|
|
90. Depression and anxiety can be a side effect of what class of topical Glaucoma drops? Having what color cap?
|
o Beta blockers
o Yellow or blue |
|
91. You should never give a patient more that 1 drop in a 12hr period of this class of drop bc of?
|
o Beta blockers, and cardiac arrest
|
|
92. Beta blockers do what to control iop?
|
o Decrease aqueous production
|
|
93. always check this when a patient is on Beta blockers?
|
o Pulse
|
|
94. Which drug has minimal alterations in blood lipids?
|
o Cateolol (Ocupress)
|
|
95. which drug causes uveitis in 100% of its patients?
|
o Metipranolol (Optipranolol
|
|
96. what s the safest Beta Blocker drop?
|
o Betoptic-S
|
|
97. Cholernergics work on lower IOP by? What is the color of the cap?
|
o Increasing Outflow
o Green |
|
98. This is the third efficacious drug? Under which 2 other drug
|
o Pilo
o Xalatan, timolol |
|
99. Pilo is the DOC for what type of Glaucoma?
|
o Pigment dispersion syndrome
|
|
100. What is a Pilocarpine bath?
|
o Sweating, muscle weakness, diahrrea
|
|
101. Main ocular contraindication for direct acting Miotics
|
o Ocular inflammation
|
|
102. Best cholernergic agonist for Aphakes?
|
o Echothiophate (Phospholine iodide)
|
|
103. Adrenergic agonists work on IOP by?
|
o Icreasing outflow
|
|
104. Apraclonidine is aka? Used for
|
o Iopidine
o Acute IOP elevation |
|
105. Which drug was replaced by Brimonidine?
|
o Dipivefrim (propine)
|
|
106. Major side effect of alphagan P
|
o Epinephrine maculopathy, of irreversible CME
|
|
107. CAIs work on IOP by?
|
o Decreasing aqueous production
|
|
108. Major side affect of oral CAI is?
|
o Metabolic acidosis
|
|
109. Patients with angle closure should use?
|
o Diamox/acetazolamide
|
|
110. Prostagladins are contraindicated with people that have?
|
o HSV keratitis, Ocular Inflammation, CME
|
|
111. Inflammation of the eye, one should not use these 2 glaucoma classes of drugs
|
o Prostagladins and miotics
|
|
112. Prostagladin cap color is?
|
o Blue/green
|
|
113. Xalatan can drop IOP by
|
o 30%
|
|
114. At high concentrations xalatan can ?
|
o Increase IOP
|
|
115. Prostaglandins work on lower IOP by?
|
o Increase outflow va uveoscleral route
|
|
116. Lumigan differs from Xalatan bc?
|
o Not temp dependent and causes more hyperemia
|
|
117. 3 chemical names of xalatan, lumigan, and travatan?
|
o Latanoprost, Bitmatoprost, travoprost
|
|
118. Theoretically Travatan can work better in what demographic?
|
o AA
|
|
119. what type of drug class is best to add to Latanoprost?
|
o CAIs…ie azopt and trusopt
|
|
120. What is GLCIA-MYOC and what is its importance?
|
o Protein found in the TM, Lamina and aqueous
o HIGH levels of this protein in juvenile glaucoma inable the TM to eliminate mutant proteins |
|
121. what drug Failed at neuroprotection?
|
o Verapamil
|
|
122. what should the IOP target be in teens?
|
o 10- mid teens
|
|
123. what drug can cross over to the other eye? For what type of tx is this applicable to?
|
o Beta blockers
o Uniocular therapeutic tx |
|
124. what are the reduction modicfications in mild mod and advanced glaucoma?
|
o 30% reduction, 30-40, 50+
|
|
125. what drug has a medication drift? What is a med drift?
|
o Timoptic, when the IOP after long use can start to increase
|
|
126. what type of workup is neccisary in NTG pts?
|
o Cardiologic and neurologic
|
|
127. what drugs cause decrease in blood flow to the optic nerve? What is the exception? And what type of glaucoma is this contraindicated in?
|
Topical adrenergics (except Alphagan)
Contraindicated for LTG |
|
128. what class of drug can potentially increase peripheral profusion?
|
o Ca channel blockers
|
|
129. what drug increases profusion on the ONH?
|
o Xalantan
|
|
130. what type of glaucoma is found in young myopic males?
|
o Pigmentary
|
|
131. what procedure is used for Pigmentary glaucoma but is still controversial?
|
o LPI
|
|
132. LPI’s change the shape of the iris from what to what?
|
o From Q to R
|
|
133. Small KP’s are pathoneumonic for what type of glaucoma? What is the tx for this?
|
o Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis
o Tears and f/u |
|
134. name 2 glaucomas where steroids and cycloplegics are used?
|
o Acute angle closure and possner schlossman
|
|
135. what are the two thearpuetic drugs used in IOP above 40?
|
o Glycerin—vomit, and contraindicated for diabetics
o Diamox |
|
136. Under 40 what is the sx u send them for?
|
o YAG/ argon PI
|
|
137. ALT treats where in the angle?
|
o Pigmented TM over schlemms
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138. Where would the ALT have to hit to cause pain and inflammation?
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o CB
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139. when adjusting power in the ALT what is a sign of too much power? Too little?
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o Large bubbles
o Seeing nothing |
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140. Less energy durin ALT is necessary when the pt has…?
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o More pigment
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141. drug used in pre op for alt? post op?
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o alprclonidine (iopidine)
o alproclondine or brimonidine |
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142. Complications in ALT that can cuase an increase in IOP are?
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o 360 vs 180
143. PAS can occur if? o The burns are too far apart 144. Best outcome for ALT is in these Glaucomas? o COAG(phakic) o Pigmentary (REMEMBER MORE PIGMENT BETTER THE RESULTS) o PEX |
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DO not give prostaglandins if you see this
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inflammation. Contraindication: Inflammatory Glaucoma
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Seeing Herpes Keratitis should make you not use this drug
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prostaglandin
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*in US one of the most common reasons a pt would have their eye enucleated is due to _________*
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Neovascular Glaucoma
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The use of steroids and cycloplegics. (to quiet eye for surgery prep)
And prompt referral for Pan-Retinal Surgery are indicated for what type of glaucoma |
Neovascular Glaucoma
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Steroid induced glaucoma contraindicates what surgery?
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ALT
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This drug is given only once a day in the morning (because evening is a period of aqueous suppression.)
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Timolol with Gelrite (Timoptic XE) 0.25%, 0.50%
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This drug is relatively safer in COPD
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Betopic S
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What is the number one reason for medical malpractice lawsuits against
ODs |
Answer: Failure to diagnose Glaucoma
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MAXIMUM Dosage for a Beta Blocker-
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1 drop, and then another drop 12 hours later (1.5%)
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