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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cheiloschisis and palatochisis?
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Cleft lip and cleft palate.
Most common in brachycephalics. |
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What is -
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Dog and pig. Superior = maxilla, inferior = mandible |
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What is -
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Rare. |
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What are causes of atrophy? |
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Describe circulatory disorders. (general) |
Pallor - due to
Cyanosis - dark red/blue mucosa, tissues near surface starved of oxygen. Due to
Petechiae and ecchymoses- due to
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Describe gingivitis. |
Inflammation of gingiva - dog and cat.
Often leads to periodontitis. |
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Describe periodontitis. |
Inflammation of tissues surrounding teeth. Common in dogs and cats, caused by -
Progression associated with
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Describe necrobacillosis. |
Cause of necrotising stomatitis in lambs and piglets. Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum - invades mucosal surfaces that are damaged then produce toxins causing a coagulative necrosis. Calves get diptheria or hepatic necrosis too. |
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Describe Wooden Tongue. |
Cattle - Actinobacillus lignieresi - normal flora Can cause abscesses, pyogranulomas, fibrosis. |
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Describe Bluetongue. |
Orbivirus - mainly sheep, spread by Cullicoides spp. inducing viraemia and infecting endothelium. Causes -
Findings -
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Describe FMD. |
Apthovirus - cattle, swine, sheep, mild zoonotic risk. Aerogenic transmission Replicates in oral/pharyngeal mucosa → 1ry lesions → viraemia → 2ry lesions (aphthae) Aphthae found on tongue, lips, palate, skin @ coronary band by interdigital space, and sparsely haired areas e.g. ruminal mucosa → epithelium → ballooning degeneration → detach → oedema and fibrin fills space (vesicle) → vesicles coalesce (bullae) → erosions/ulcers |
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Describe infectious vesicular stomatitis. |
Vesiculovirus - horse, cattle, swine - zoonotic risk Infection via skin/mucosal wounds Lesions on mucosa identical to FMD |
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Describe swine vesicular disease. |
Enterovirus - pigs only. Skin/oral mucosal lesions similar to FMD. |
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Describe erosive and ulcerative stomatitis. |
BVD-MD (mucosal disease)
Bovine Malignant Catarrhal Fever
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Describe Candidiasis. |
Candida albicans - Fungi Mainly in young, immunocompromised or when hygiene is poor. Intestinal CS if in GIT. Thickened mucosa of oesophagus, tongue, rumen. |
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What are the main parasites of mucosa? |
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Describe mucosa viral papillomas. |
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Describe an epulides. |
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Describe oral squamous cell carcinoma. |
Most common malignant neoplasm in oral cavity of cats, 2nd most in dogs. Rare in other species. Often invade adjacent ST, m., bone Metastasise to regional LNs. |
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Describe tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma. |
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Describe melanoma. |
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Describe oral fibrosarcoma. |
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Describe ameloblastoma. |
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Describe odontoma. |
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What is sialoadenitis? |
Inflammation of the salivary gland |
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What is sialoliths? |
Salivary calculi in duct or gland due to chronic inflammation or FBs |
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What is ranulae? |
Cysts in sublingual duct - in frenulum |
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What is sequalae for obstruction, strictures and compression of the oesophagus? |
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Describe the 2 types of megaoesophagus. |
Congenital - dogs and cats
Acquired - adult dogs
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What is dysautomnia? |
Grass sickness (horses) and Key-Gaskell syndrome (dogs, cats). Abnormal function of para/sympathetic ns. There is ↓ number of autonomic ganglia |
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Describe oesophagitis. |
Inflammation of oesophagus. Occurs with infectious diseases -
Or with chemical reflux -
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What is the parasite of the oesophagus? |
Spirocerca lupi. Dogs in tropics - IH beetles L3 enter subintima of gastric a. and aorta → caudal thoracic area → oesophagus → adult →perforate oesphagus causing granulomatous oesophagitis → sarcomas (osteo/fibro) |
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Describe ruminal tympany. |
xs gas distends rumen (CH4, CO2) normal eructations impaired.
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Describe ruminal acidosis, rumenitis and ulcers. |
Successive stages - associated w/change in diet mainly seen in high production cows
Survivors will get 2ry infection with necrobacillosis and mycotic rumenitis |
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Describe traumatic reticulitis. |
Cattle - swallowing foreign material e.g. nails or wire. The reticulum is perforated cranially, puncturing the heart causing a chronic pericarditis. |
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Describe gastric dilation and volvulus. |
Dogs (GD, SB, IS, WH, BH - deep chested), horses or pigs. Dilation often followed by volvulus (360 degree clockwise spin- caudal aspect). Pylorus, terminal duodenum + spleen move too → occlusion of oesophagus. Sequalae -
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Describe abomasal displacement. |
Displaced to anterior abdomen, usually to left side. Usually older cows. Without replacement, haemorrhagic infarction. |
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What is abnormal content of the stomach? |
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Describe acute cattarhal gastritis. |
Reddening and thickening of mucosa, ↑ mucous production Caused by poisons and infectious diseases e.g. Helicobacter |
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Describe acute haemorrhagic gastritis. |
H+ (free blood, no inflammation). Seen with poisons, infectious disease (Erisipelas) and NSAIDs. |
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Describe mucosal haemorrhage. |
Occurs w/uraemia mainly.
Also occurs w/hog cholera, anthrax and lepto. |
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What is (fibrino) necrotising gastritis seen with? |
mycotic infection → mucosal destruction |
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Describe eosinophilic gastritis. |
Eosinophilic inflam infiltrate from helminth larvae (dogs) - Toxacara canis. |
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Describe gastric ulcers in cattle. |
Calves, dairy cows, yearlings. Mainly in pylorus associated w/environmental conditions e.g. transport stress, diet changes |
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Describe gastric ulcers in swine. |
Occurs in squamous portion. Unknown cause - associated w/hyperacidity and finely ground grain |
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Describe gastric ulcers in foals. |
Non-glandular portion due to mechanical trauma by Gastrophilus intestinalis. |
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Describe gastric ulcers in dogs and cats. |
Pylorus and proximal duodenum. Associated w/mast cell tumours |
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What is the sequalae to gastric ulcers? |
Vascular erosion (h+ → anaemia) and perforation → subsequent peritonitis. |
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Describe gastric rupture. |
Most common in horses due to dilation. Rarely due to trauma. Die within hours due to intoxication and shock. |
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What are the two neoplasms of the stomach? |
Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. |
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Describe gastric adenocarcinoma. |
most common gastric neoplasm in dogs. Mostly arise from less curvature. Diffuse, invasive growth in stomach wall and superficial ulcers. Common metastases to regional LNs, liver and lungs. |
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Describe gastric squamous cell carcinoma. |
Arise from squamous epithelium. More common in horse, pigs. Invasive growth, occasional lymphatic invasion/metastases. |
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What is intestinal atresia? |
Either complete lack of some part of the intestine or blind ends present. Most common in calves - ileum/colon |
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What is anal or rectal atresia? |
failure of development of anal opening Piglets |
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What is megacolon? |
Dog, cat, horse, swine. Aplasia of neurons in LI mesenteric ganglia → lack of bowel movement. |
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Describe diaphragmatic herniation. |
Displacement of omentum, stomach, spleen, SI and liver into thoracic cavity Pulmonary atelecstasis due to compression. |
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Describe intussusception. |
Telescoping. Caused by hyperactive bowel movements. Mainly SI in dogs (CPV, CDV) Mainly ileum into caecum in horses (tapeworm) |
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Describe volvulus of intestines. |
Twist @ root of mesentery. Usually jejunum/ileum. Can also be caused by intestine wrapped around pedunculated lipoma. |
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What is the result of intussusception and volvulus? |
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Why does d+ result from enteritis? |
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Describe catarrhal enteritis and possible causes. |
Death of epithelium, hyperaemia, lymphocytic infiltration. Viral causes
Bacterial causes
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Describe Salmonellosis. |
Cause fibrino-necrotising enteritis in ruminants, swine, horses. Young
Adult horses
Swine
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What is a viral cause of fibrino-necrotising enteritis. |
Fibrin exudate - Classic swine fever - pestivirus. Acute colitis and bouton development in colon (focal FNC). Sometimes diffuse. |
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Describe Porcine Proliferative Enteritis. |
Fibrino-necrotising enteritis - fibrin exudate.
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Describe a cause of granulomatous enteritis. |
Paratuberculosis - Johne's. Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis. Untreatable d+ → death through emaciation. Bacteria → macrophages and GALT - jejunum and ileum. Granulomatous in cattle, catarrhal in sheep and goats. |
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Describe IBD. |
Dogs and cats - most common cause of v+ and d+. Severe in Basenjis - immunopathological aetiology. Progression into intestinal lymphosarcoma in cats possibly. |
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What is malabsorption syndrome? |
Failure to absorb nutrients, characterised by -
Causes -
Will see -
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When does active hyperaemia of intestines occur? |
During digestion |
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When does passive hyperaemia, oedema, infarction, occur in the intestines? |
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When does intestinal ischaemia occur? |
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What are the intestinal coccidia of different species? |
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What are the main intestinal cestodes? |
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What are the main intestinal nematodes? |
Horses -
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What are the 4 neoplasms of the intestines? |
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Describe adenocarcinoma of intestines. |
Sheep and horses (SI), dogs (rectum). Often huge fibrous tissue proliferation and metastases to LNs and local adjacent parenchyma (prostate for dog). Contact metastases possible. |
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Describe adenocarcinoma of apocrine glands of anal sac. |
Dogs with paraneoplastic syndrome-associated hypercalcaemia. Metastases to LNs. |
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Describe malignant lymphoma of intestines. |
Mainly cats and dogs. Poss horse+cattle. Diffuse/nodular thickening of intestine wall. Cats - mainly older |
