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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What two bones of the pectoral girdle of fish are endochondral bone
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coracoid, scapula
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What bones of the pectoral girldle of fish are dermal bones
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clavicle, the cleithrum, and other dermally derived bones
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This rests between the coracoid and scapula and is used for fin articulation
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glenoid fossae
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This bone fuses the pectoral girdle in fish to the dermatocranium
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postemporal bones
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Pelvic girdle of fish.....
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was suited for maintaining balance and turning while in the water, provides no support for large appendages
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In labryinthodonts the loss of a dorsal dermal bone....
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detatched the pectoral girdle from the skull, allowing the head more mobility
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In labryinthodonts this new bone fused with the coracoid to provide a brace for the pectoral girdle
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Interclavicle
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In modern day amphibians and reptiles how many dermal bones remain? Which are they?
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One or two dermal bones remain....they are the interclavicle and/or the clavicle
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In modern day amphibians these two bones brace against the sternum for support when lifting the body
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Clavicle and the coracoids
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In amphibians and lizards this bone remained but was lost in all other modern reptiles
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suprascapula
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In modern reptiles the glenoid fossae is still formed by the junction of the
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scapula and coracoid
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The bird pectoral girlde retained what four bones
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the scapula, coracoid, clavicle, and interclavicle
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The fused clavicles and interclavicle make up this structure.....
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Furcula, it may or may not be braced against the sternum depending on the species
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In birds a ........is needed to support the strain of wing movement
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strong midline brace
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Ancestral mammals and living monotremes have which bones...
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the scapula and all three bracing bones
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What are the two bones that placental mammals can have.....
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The scapula and the clavicle
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This bone is the only remaining endochondral bone in mammals.....
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scapula
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This bone is only present in mammals who use lateral arm movements, like the monkey and bat, it is vestigial or absent in others
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clavicle
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Ventral bracing of the birds and mammals
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Birds have more ventral bracing because of the flight muscles and the strain, mammals do not need as much because of all the muscles and less physical exertion
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Name the three endochondral bones in tetrapods
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scapula, suprscapula, and coracoid
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Name the two dermal bones present in tetrapods
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interclavicle and clavicle
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What does bracing accomplish....
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absorbs the stress and the body is lifted off the ground
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In reptiles this structure is a hollow place that the humerus articulates with
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Glenoid fossa, it is composed of the humerus and the clavicle
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In mammals this is a cup in the bottom of the scapula that the humerus articulates with.....
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Glenoid fossa
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a simple paired strucuture composed of endochondral bone that does not connect with the vertebrae but the two halves meet each other ventrally
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Fish pelvic girdle
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The girdle was redesigned in labryintodonts by the fusion of ......bones to form a cavity known as the ......
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3 bones
...... acetabulum |
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In amphibians the pelvic girdle fused to the vertebrae by way of the......
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ilium
....... this braced against the thrust of the hind legs |
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the fusion of these two bones braced the pelvic girdle ventrally
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ischium and/or pubic bones
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What three bones make up the tetrapod pelvic girlde, where does limb attatchment occur?
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The ilium, ischium, and pubis bones. A cavity where all these bones meet known as the acetabulum serves for limb attachment
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The pelvic girdle in amphibians is fused to......
Frogs and toads have very elongated ......... to aid in jumping |
One sacral vertebrae
...... the ilial processes are very elongated and narrow |
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The pelvic girdle in reptiles is fused by what to what?
.... These two bones are also fused to support against thrust of hindlegs |
by the ilium to two sacral vertebrae
....... ischium and pubis |
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In this animal the pelvic bone is not fused ventrally and the pubic points backwards,
this structure forms part of the synsacrum |
the pelvic girlde of a bird
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In mammals the fusion of the ilium to the sacrum forms what?
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sacroiliac joint
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In this group of animals the ilium points forward
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mammals
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In mammalian females this is very loose to allow for expansion of the birth canal
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pubic symphysis
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these two large holes on either side of the mammalian pelvic girdle function for blood vessels
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obturator foramen
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In mammals the pectoral girdle is attached through the body by
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muscles and connective tissue
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what three fins are present in fish?
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Pectorals, Anal, and the pelvic
..... they function in balance and direction change |
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What bones do crossopterygian fish have in their front fins that make them a possible ancestor to the first tetrapods
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humerus, radius, and ulna
....... the humerus also articulated with the scapula via the glenoid fossa |
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What three bones make up the tetrapod forelimb
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the radius, ulna, and humerus
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in most tetrapods this bone tends to become the main weight bearer
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the radius
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What three bones make up the hindlimb?
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the femur, tibia, and fibula
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In most tetrapods this bone is the main weight bearing bone in the hind limb....
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the tibia
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In labyrintodonts most feet had how many digits
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6-8
..... this has been reduced to five in almost all tetrapods |
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Modern tetrapods have ........tarsals/metacarpals and phalanges than the labryinthodont
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they have fewer bones
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In modern birds the limbs developed a......
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vertical orientation
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In mammals the limbs developed a.....
and the radius and the ulan...... |
vertical orientation
..... bones of the forelimb crossed over |
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A switch from lateral to vertical limb orientation......
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provided more support and strenght for the limbs, as well as taking off some stress from the sternum in the forelimbs
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In hooved mammals increased speed is due to......
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elongated phalanges, metatarsals and metacarpals, as well as a spring metacarpal/metatarsal-phalange joint,
.... the fusion of most of these bones also plays a factor |
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In carnivores increased speed is due to.....
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dorsal/ventral flexing of the vertebral column which contributes to the length of the stride
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In animals that are adapted for swimming
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the manus becomes more paddle shaped, the digits may have extra phalanges, the hind legs may be absent
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In animals adapted for grasping such as primates.....
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the joints between phalanges are extra flexible, the first digit changes orientation to become an opposable thumb
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Animals with this stance have the entire foot come into contact with the ground
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plantigrade
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Animals with this stance only have the digits touching the ground
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digitigrade
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Animals with this stance have only one (usually the toe) digit touching the ground
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unguligrade
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Monotremes have a reptilian like pectoral girdle with the coracoid and the clavicle present. This suggests......
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the evolutionary relationship between mammals and reptiles
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How is the bird suited to fly?
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Stongly braced pectoral girdle with all three bracing bones present
....... Elongated keel on pelvic girldle used in flying muscle attachment ....... Pelvic girlde is highly fused and very broad for muscle attachment ....... bones are small and light ....... long flexible necks for preening ........ specialized forelimbs for wings |
