Gilded Age

Front 1

C.F. Dowd

Back 1

-started a campaign for uniform time + suggested earths surface divided into 24 time zones
-eventually congress makes 8 time zones and daylight savings

Front 2

transcontinental railroad

Back 2

ran from atlantic to pacific, not given much attention until gold discovery in CA

Front 3

dangers of railroad work

Back 3

-attacks by sioux and cheyenne
-accidents were common, men killed in brawls and many diseases

Front 4

Chinese railroad workers

Back 4

-hired by charlie crocker
-excellent workers but received less than white workers and worked harder
-had to buy their own food

Front 5

railroad car classes*

Back 5

sleeping accomidations depended on whether you rode a pullman car, a day coach or a zulu car

Front 6

credit mobilier*

Back 6

-construction company built union pacific railroad
-workers form company and give their own company a contract to lay track at much higher cost
-example of corruption at lower levels of gov't

Front 7

Grange

Back 7

-patrons of husbandry
-purpose=provide way for isolated farm families to learn about farming and get together

Front 8

Munn vs. Illinois (1877)

Back 8

-railroad attorneys argue that granger legislation took away private property without due process of law
-supreme court said laws were constitutional + owners of property had to submit to be controlled by public for common good

Front 9

interstate commerce act

Back 9

-response to public pressure
-required railroad rates to be fair and established 5 member interstate commerce comission

Front 10

andrew carnegie + business tactics

Back 10

-rags to riches
-launched carnegie steel co. produced 25% nations steel

-bought out rival plants by lowering prices
-hired experienced people for each job

Front 11

holding company

Back 11

-does not make product, sells stock and uses money to buy control of companies that are making product

Front 12

merger

Back 12

2 or more corporations unite to form one operations

Front 13

trusts + advantages*

Back 13

-stockholders of competing companies gave their stocks to group of trustees and received dividends from profits
-advantages: afford installing new better equipment, pay lower prices to sell products for less,

Front 14

John D. Rockefeller

Back 14

-founded standard oil trust in 1882
-sold products below cost until all competitors out of business and then made prices higher
-forced railroads to give him rebates/refunds for shipping his products (against law)

Front 15

robber barons

Back 15

-acted to destroy other businesses rather than improve their own

Front 16

Sherman Antitrust Act

Back 16

-congress passed in 1890
-prohibit trust but not successful (vague + easy to get around)

Front 17

social darwinism

Back 17

-those individuals who are best fit to survive do and weaker ones drop by wayside
-explains success of carnergie, rockefeller

Front 18

Horatio Alger

Back 18

wrote over 100 books about rag to riches stories

horatio algerism=idea that anyone can be successful and wealthy with effort

Front 19

Pullman, Illinois

Back 19

company town=only company workers and families live in town and company owned everything in it. pullman determines wages, rents, prices of store goods, appointed town govt

Front 20

great strike

Back 20

first nationwise strike in us history
organized by workers for baltimore and ohio railroad
-workers quit jobs + no trains would leave until wages restored
-success

Front 21

yellow dog contracts*

Back 21

companies require new employees to sign contract that pledges not to join a union

Front 22

scabs

Back 22

private detectives hired by companies to spy on union members and serve as strikebreakers

Front 23

haymarket affair

Back 23

-led to partial downfall of knights of labor
-radicals spoke and people listened, someone threw dynamite bomb and 5 radicals arrested unfairly

Front 24

Eugene V. Debs

Back 24

first major attempt at industrial unionism and organized american railway union to include all railway workers
-won strike for higher wages _ march together vote together fight together on its way

Front 25

Mary Harris Mother Jones

Back 25

-mining town mother
-devoted life to labor movement
-aroused public opinion against child labor

Front 26

Triangle Waitshirt Company

Back 26

-fires broke out and 146 workers died
-others marched to honor dead
-owners of company tried on manslaughter for dangerous conditions
-result=laws to improve working conditions

Front 27

injunction*

Back 27

court order

Front 28

reasons for urbanization

Back 28

-movement of people from country to city
-factories, mines, mills, transportation systems needed workers
-people seeking work/escaping poverty/wanted better lives

Front 29

apartment houses/row houses

Back 29

-middle class urban dwellers
-eachp apt=6 rooms 1 bath, shared walls construction cost low and little space

Front 30

arbitration

Back 30

settlement of disagreements between employers and workers by impartial 3rd party

Front 31

tenements + dumbbell tenements

Back 31

multi family dwellings, rent was high and living uncomfortable, became overcrowded and dirty

dumbbell were improved versions, expanded and air shaft windows, quickly overcrowded, worse than row houses

Front 32

de facto segregation

Back 32

a pattern of segregation supposrted by custon rather than law for example blacks spent 1/3 to 1/2 earnings on rent while whites spent 1/5

Front 33

ghettos

Back 33

established section of a city in which members of a minority group live or to which they are restricted because of economic pressure or social discrimination

Front 34

nativism revival

Back 34

opposition to immigration
us against them
element of nativism = racial prejudice = anglo saxonism

Front 35

boston blue bloods

Back 35

group of boston blue bloods set up immigration restriction league and began to campaign to keep out undesirable class from europe
-caused by fear that american civilization wouldnt be able to assimilate increaasing numver of immigrants and would fall apart

Front 36

immigration literacy test

Back 36

exclude immigrants without using race as a reason
-had to read and write 40 words in their or another language

Front 37

chinese exclusion act

Back 37

prohibited chinese workers from entering us for 10 years after 1882 and extended after that
-those living here could not send home to wives

Front 38

yellow peril*

Back 38

us threatened by japanese
what if they were to wage war against us?

Front 39

gentlemens agreement of 1907/08

Back 39

japan agrees not to issue passports to workers unless already been to america or had relatives in country
-japan arrival drops

Front 40

alien land law

Back 40

prohibits asians from owning agricultural land, golden door slammed shut and successful discriminated

Front 41

reasons for conflict and rejection of new immigrants*

Back 41

cultural differences

Front 42

melting pot ideal and consequences

Back 42

america=blended many nations
called for immigrants to throw away past and give up history/become americans

Front 43

ellis island

Back 43

chief immigration station of the us more than 16 mill people passed through facilities

Front 44

ethnic islands

Back 44

nation districts formed by new immigrants
-each language group living in own section and one section not welcome in another

Front 45

immigration gap

Back 45

different languages, children embarassed by parents, traditions different