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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who were the Stalwarts?
Effect on Republican Party? |
leader: Roscoe Conkling
rivals: Halfbreeds -supported the patronage system in the US government during the post Civil War period. -opposition to Hayes' efforts to reconcile with the South -opposed all forms of civil service reform, preferring to keep in place the existing patronage system. |
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Who were the Halfbreeds?
Effect on Republican Party? |
-moderate faction of the Republican Party.
-They backed Hayes' lenient treatment of the South -supported moderate civil service reform. -James G. Blaine of Maine was the leader of this group, but failed to win the party nomination in 1876 and 1880. -James A. Garfield was also affiliated with the Half-Breeds. |
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Who were the Mugwumps?
Effect on Republican Party? |
Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate
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When was Hayes President?
What were his notable achievements? |
Presidency 1877–1881
-temperance reformers by cutting of alcohol in the White House |
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When was Hayes President?
What were his notable failues? |
Presidency 1877–1881
-vetoed efforts to restrict Chinese immigration |
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When was Garfield President?
What caused his assassination? |
1880
-ppl were seeking federal jobs -Garfields choice of halfbreeds for most offices provoked a bitter contense with SEnator Conkling and his Stalwars -a deranged office seeker who identified with the Stalwarts shot Garfield in hte back |
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When was Arthur president?
What were his notable achievements? |
1881
-distanced himself from Stalwarts -supported bill reforming civil service -approved the development of modern Am navy -questioned high protective tariff |
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Why did Arthur not run for reelection?
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he was denied renomination by Repub party
A year into his presidency, Arthur learned that he had Bright's Disease, a fatal kidney disease. That well-kept secret may have contributed to his decision not to run for re-election. |
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Describe the key issues of the 1884 presidential campaign. Who won and why?
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-Cleveland won because there were suspicions about Blaine's honesty led the reform-minded Mugwumps to switch allegiance and campaigning for dem nominee
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Cleveland's accomp
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signed into law:
interstate commerce act 1887 fed gov's first effort to regulate business -Dawes Act which benefitted Native ams veoted private pension bills for those falsely claiming to have served or been injured in civil war |
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money issue?
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whether or not to expand the money supply
debtors, farmers and start up businesses waned more money in circulation to enable them to 1. borrow money at lower interest rates 2. pay off their loans more easily with inflated dollars |
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Greenback Party
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supporters of paper money formed political party
-candidates had 1 mil votes and 14 members elected into Congress -party died out but goal of increasing the amount of money in circulation did not |
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Crime of 1873
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refers to the omission of the standard silver dollar from the coinage law
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Bland-Allison Act
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compromise law
-passed over Hayes veto -allowed only a limited coinage of $2-$4mil in silver each month at the standard silver to gold ratio (16:1) -farmers, debtors, and western miners who were unsatisfied pressed for unlimited silver |
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What were the arguments for and against a high protective tariff? What groups made those arguments and why?
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-Western farmers and Eastern capitalists disagreed on whether tariff rates on foreign imports should be high or low
-Republican Congress had enacted a high tariff to protect US industry and fund Union gov ```S & N Democrats objected to high tariffs because these taxes raised prices on consumer goods -result of protective tariff ```other nations rataliated by placing taxes on their own on US farm products ```Am farmers lost a share of the overseas market, creating surluses of corn and wheat and resulting in lower farm priaces and profits -Farmers point of view ```industry was growing radch at expense of rural Am |
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Describe the key issues of the 1888 presidential campaign. Who won and why?
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Cleveland challeged the high protective tariff and proposed that Congress set lower tariff rates since there was a growing surplus in federal treasure and the gov didn't need the added tax revenue
-Dem campained for Cleveland and lower tariff -Repubs campaigned for Ben Harrison and high tariff ```argued that a lower tariff would wreck business prosperity ```played upon this fear to raise campaign funds from big business and to really workers in North, whose jobs depended on the succes of US industry Harrison swept North gaining Repub majority of voters in electoral college -Cleveland more popular votes than Harrison but lost |
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What was the "Billion Dollar Congress"?
What did they achieve,and what were the effects on congressional elections in 1890? |
Repubs controlled the presidency and both houses of Congress
New congress was the most adctive, passing th efirst billion dollar budget in US history: 1. McKinley Tariff: raised tax on foreign products 2. increases in monthly pensions to Civil War vets 3. Sherman AntiTrust Act:outlawing "combinations in restraint of trade" 4. Sherman Silver PUrchase Act: increased coinage of silver, but too small to satisfy farmer and miners 5. a bill to protect the voting rights of Af Ams, passed by House but defeated in Senate Growing agrarian discontent in S & W -factor in Repub setback Members of Farmers' Alliances elected US Senators and representatives, the govs of several states, and majorities in four state legs in W |
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Who were the Populists?
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Populist advocated
politically 1. direct and popular election of US senators 2. enacting of state laws by voters through initiatives and referendums placed on the ballot economically 1. unlimited coinage of silver to increase money supply 2. a graduated income tax 3. public ownersihp of RR by the US gov 4. telegraph and telephone systems owned and operated by gov 5. loans and fed warehouses for farmers to enable them to stablisize parices for crops 6. 8 hour day for industrial workers |
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What were the results of the 1892 election?
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Cleveland won a victory in popular and electoral vote because of unpopularity of high tax McKinley Tariff
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What issues hurt Cleveland's second term? What was his one popular measure, and what happened to it?
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stock market crashed becasue of overspeculation
-Rrs went into bankruptcy b;/c of overspeculation -depression continued for four years Farm foreclosers rached new highs -the unemplyed reached 20% of the workforce dealt with crisis by championing the gold standard and adopting a hands-off policy toward the economy by being more conservative |
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What were Coxey's Army and Coin's Financial School? What issues were behind them?
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protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time.
a popular pamphlet written in 1893 that helped popularize the free silver and populist movements. The author of the text "Coin", William Hope Harvey, would later go on to aid William Jennings Bryan in his bid for the presidency and would run for the presidency himself in the 1930s. The thesis of Coin's Financial School is that London arranged the end of the free coinage of silver in 1873 because they had gold cornered and thus the large Civil War debt became payable in gold instead of silver. The Coinage Act of 1873 demonetized silver by allowing repayment of all debts in gold or silver at the option of the holder of the debt. The deflation resulting from the immediate removal of half the nation's money supply destroyed agriculture and main street America along with it. |
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Who were the candidates, and what were the issues in the 1896 election? who won and why?
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Bryan of Nebraska w/ Cross of Gold speech made him Dem nominee
Repubs nominated McKinley known for support of high protective tariff McKinley won because Bryan was hurt by 1. rise in wheat prices which made farmers less desperate 2. employers telling workers that factories would shut down in Bry was elected |
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What were the lasting effects of the 1896 election on American life?
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1. end of stalemate and stagnation
2. defeat of Bryan and Populist free silver movement initiated an era of Republican dominance of the presidency and both houses of Congress |
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Omaha Platform?
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met in Nebraska
- to draft a polical platform -nomiante candidates for pres and v pres for new party |
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FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO RAPID GROWTH
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-natural resources: coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber, and oil
-labor supply: due to immigrants -growing population and transportation -Europeans joined AM in funding economic expansion -labor saving technologies, patents -gov policies protected private propertiy, subsidized RR with land grants and loans, supported US manufacturers wiht protective tariffs and refrained from regulation business operation and refrained from heaviliy taxing corporate profits - |
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AM RR Association
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divided contry into 4 time zones
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trunk lines
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major route between large cities smaller branch lines connected to trunk line with outlying towns
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Cornelius Vanderbuilt
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used money earned from steamboat business to merge NYC to Chi
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WESTERN RR
RR played critical role in the transcont |
1. promoting settlement on Great Plains
2. linking W with E--creating a great national market |
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FEDERAL LAND GRANT
gov provided RR companies with large subsides in form of loans and land grants |
-land was givin in alternate mile square sections in a checkerboard patter along propoesd route
-gov expected that RR would sell land to new settlers -increased value of gov lands and provide preferred rates for carrying mail and transporting ppl |
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FEDERAL LAND GRANT
negative consequences: land grants and cash loans |
1. promoted hasty and poor construction
2. led to corruption: insiders used construction companies 3. protests: against land glands, citiizens know RR controlled half of land in W states |
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TRANSCONTINENTAL RR
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Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the 1st transcontinental RR to tie Cali with rest of UNION
-Union Pacific and Central Pacific |
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TRANSCONTINENTAL RR
Union Pacific |
build westward across Great Plains starting from Omaha, Nebraska
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TRANSCONTINENTAL RR
Central Pacific |
layed track across mountain passes in Sierras by pushing eastward from Sacramento, Cali
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TRANSCONTINENTAL RR
General Grenville Doge |
directed construction of Union Pacific using war veterans and Irish immigrants
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TRANSCONTINENTAL RR
Charles Crocker |
recruited Chinese, blasting tunnels through sierras for Central Pacific
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TRANSCONTINENTAL RR
Promontory Point, Utah |
two RR came together, golen spike was driven to ground to mark
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TRANSCONTINENTAL RR
James Hill's Great Northern |
was the only transcont RR to be build without fed subsides
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COMPETITION AND CONSOLIDATION
Jay Gould |
went into RR BUSINESS FOR QUICK PROFITS AND MADE MONEY BY SELLING OFF ASSETS AND WATERING STOCK (inflating value of a corporations assets and profits b4 selling its stock to public)
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RR competed by offering rebates/discounts/kickbacks to favored shippers while charging freight rates to smaller customers like farmers in ordre to survive
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attempted to increase profits by forming pools, in which competing companies agreed secretly and informally to fix rate and share the traffic
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FINANCIAL PANIC 1893
-RR -morgan |
forced 1/4 of RR into bankruptcy
J. P. Morgan and other banks took control of bankrupt RR and consolidated them -with competition eliminated they could stablisze rates and reduce debts |
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giant systems controlled more than half of nation's RR
-PROS -CONS |
positive: more efficient RR systems
negative: system controlled by powerful men who dominated the boards of competing RR corporations through interlocking directorates -> creating regional RR monopolies |
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STEEL INDUSTRY
Henry Bessemer and William Kelly |
discovered that blasting air through moten iron produced high quality steel
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STEEL INDUSTRY
Great Lakes region |
-abundant coal reserves and access to iron ore of Minnesota's Mesabi Range
-leading steel producer |
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STEEL INDUSTRY
Andrew Carnegie -vertical integration -Carnegie Steel |
business strategy: vertical integration where the company would control every stage of hte industrial process form mining the raw materials to transporting the finished produce
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US STEEL CORPORATION
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Carnegie sold his comapny to JP Morgan
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OIL INDUSTRY
Edwin Drake |
drilled the first US oil well in PENN
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OIL INDUSTRY
Rockefeller |
controlled a company of the nation's oil refineries by eliminating his competition
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ROCKEFELLER AND STANDARD OIL TRUST
-rebates and prices |
as his company grew he extorted rebates from RR companies and cut prices for standard oil kerosene to force the rival companies to sell out
-by eliminated waste in teh production of kerosene the SOT monopoly kept prices low for consumers |
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ROCKEFELLER AND STANDARD OIL TRUST
-trust -horizontal integration |
the trust that he put together ocnsited of diff companies that he got
-all managed by a board of trustees that Rock and SOT controlled -h integration: former competitors were brought under a single corporation |
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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prohibited any "contract, combinatio, in teh form of trust or otherwise or conspiracy of trade and commerce"
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US v. E.C. Knight Co.
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ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could only be appliced to commerce not to manufacturing
-result: US Dept of Justice secrued few convictions until the law was strengthened |
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE
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gov regulation of business was alien to the prevailing economic scientific and religious beliefs
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LAISSEZ-FAIRE
Adam Smith |
arged in his book the WEalth of Nations that business should be regulated, not by gov, but hy the "invisible hand" of the law of supply and demand
-if gov kept hands off, businesses would be motivated by their own self-inerest to offer improved goods and services at low prices |
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SOCIAL DARWINISM
Charles Darwin's theory |
natural selection played a role in bolstering hte views of economic conservatives
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SOCIAL DARWINISM
Herbert Spencer |
thought Darwin's theory should be applied to the marketplace
-concentration of wealth in teh ahands of the "fit" was a benefit to the human race |
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SOCIAL DARWINISM
William Sumner |
argued that help for the poor was misguided b/c it interfered with the laws of nature and would weaken the evolution of species by preserving the unfit
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GOSPEL OF WEALTH
Rockefeller |
"God gave me riches."
-Protestant worth ethic: hard work and material success are signs of God's favor to both his business and personal life |
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GOSPEL OF WEALTH
Rev. Conwell |
In "Acres of Diamonds" preached that everyone had a duty to be rich
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GOSPEL OF WEALTH
Andrew Carnegie |
in "Wealth" he argued that the wealthy had a God-given duty to carry out projects of civic philanthropy for society
-not handouts |
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Thomas Edison
-lab |
invented a machine for recording votes
-Menlo Park, New Jersey |
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Westinghouse
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-developed air brake for RR
-transformer for producing high voltage alternate current made it possible to light cities and operate electric street cards, subways, and electrically powered machines and appliances |
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Gustavus Swift
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refrigered RR cars and canning let packers change the eating habits of AM with meat and veggie products
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Horatio Alger Myth
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young man of modest means who became rich and successful through honesty, hard work, and luck
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WAGES
David Richardo |
justified wages by arging that raising wages would increase the working population
-the availability of workers would cause wages to fall |
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tactics for defeating labor unions
lockout blacklists yellow dog contracts calling ppl in court injuctions |
lockout-closing the factory to break a labor movement b4 it could get organized
blacklists-names of prounion workers circulated among employees yellow dog contracts-workers being told, as a condition for employment, that they must sign an agreement not to join a union calling ppl in like private guards and state militia court injuctions |
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tactics for labor unions
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strikes
picketing boycotts slowdowns |
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GREAT RR STRIKE OF 1877
-Baltimore and Ohio RR |
Pres used fed troops to end labor violence
-employers addressed the workers grievances by improving wages and working conditions |
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NATIONAL LABOR UNION
goals: social reform: support: |
-first attempt to organize all workers
goals: higher wages, 8 hour day social program: equal rights for women and blacks, monetary reform, worker cooperatives lost support after depression and unsuccessful strikes |
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KNIGHTS OF LABOR
leader: T. Powderly reforms support |
reforms: 1. worker cooperatives to make man his own employer
2. abolition of child labor 3. abolition of trusts and monopolies leader settled disputes by orbitration not strikes but some of his units did so declined after Haymarket |
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Haymarket Bombing
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-80,000 Knights and 200 anarchists.
-someone threw bomb -anarchist leaders were tried for the crime -Knights lost labor |
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American Federation of Labor
leader: Gompers |
-concentrated on attaining practical economic goals: higher wages and improved working conditions
-did not want to remake am society |
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HOMESTEAD STRIKE
Henry Clay Frick |
manager of Carnegie
s Homestead Steel plant cut wages by 20% -used lockout, private guards and strikebreakers to defeat the steelworkers -failure of homeswtead strike set back the union movement |
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PULLMAN STRIKE
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Pullman cut wages and fired leaders of the workers delegation that came to bargain w/ him
-Debs and Am RR Union -RR owners appealed to PRes Cleveland by persuaded him to use the army to keep the mailtrains running -a fed court issued an injuction to forbid interference w/ the operation of the mails and ordering RR workers to abandon the boycott and the strike |
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In re Debs
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Supreme Court approved the use of court injunctions against strikes
-gave employers power to break unions |
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Guilded Age
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first used by Mark Twain
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