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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The epithelium of the gut is derived from which of the three germ layers?
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Endoderm
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The muscular walls of the digestive tract and connective tissues are derived from which germ layer?
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Mesoderm
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The foregut is supplied by which artery?
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Celiac Artery
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The midgut is supplied by which artery?
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Superior mesenteric Artery
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The hindgut is supplied by which artery?
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Inferior mesenteric artery
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What structures are considered the Foregut?
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Pharynx, respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, proximal half of duodemum, liver, biliary apparatus and pancreas
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What structures are considered the Midgut?
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Distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, yolk stalk, cecum and vermiform appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
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What structures are considered the Hindgut?
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Distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, cranial (proximal) 2/3 of anal canal, epithelium of urinary bladder, most of urethra
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The anterior 2/3 of the oral cavity is derived from this
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Stomodeum:
a cavity created around the buccopharyngeal membrane |
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The posterior 1/3 of the oral cavity is derived from _______gut
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Foregut
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The anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the oral cavity are separated by what membrane?
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oropharyngeal
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What is the condition in which the tracheoesophageal septum is deviated posteriorly?
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Esophageal atresia
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Esophageal atresia will result in what concurrent condition?
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tracheoesophageal fistula
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These symptoms are characteristic of what condition:
Maternal polyhydramnios Absence of stomach gas on prenatal ultrasound copious, fine white frothy bubbles of mucous in the mouth and nose |
Esophageal Atresia
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These symptoms are characteristic of what condition:
coughing and choking abdominal distention secondary to collection of air in the stomach |
Tracheoesophageal fistula
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what is esophageal stenosis?
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narrowing of the esophageal lumen
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where does an esophageal stenosis most frequently occur?
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distal 1/3 of esophagus
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what condition is the result of incomplete esophageal recanalization during the 8th week of development?
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esophageal stenosis
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what are symptoms of esophageal stenosis?
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difficulty swallowing
esophageal reflux |
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Dilatation of the foregut occurs by what week of development?
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the 4th week
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which part (dorsal/ventral) of the stomach grows faster?
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dorsal
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How much and what direction does the stomach rotate?
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90 degrees clockwise
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After rotation the ventral portion of the stomach ends up on what side of the body?
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left
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After rotation the dorsal portion of the stomach ends up on what side of the body?
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right
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During tilting of the stomach the cranial portion moves in what direction?
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left and inferior
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During tilting of the stomach the caudal portion moves in what direction?
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right and superior
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What is pyloric stenosis
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congenital defect in which the opening of the pylorus is too narrow
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What is a major symptom of pyloric stenosis?
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forceful, projectile vomiting in the first 1-2 weeks of life.
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The greater omentum is (doral/ventral) mesentary?
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dorsal
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The lesser omentum is (dorsal/ventral) mesentary?
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ventral
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What is the hepatic diverticulum?
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liver bud: forms liver and hepatic duct
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What is the cystic diverticulum
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forms the gallbladder and cystic duct
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The stalk connecting hepatic and cystic ducts to the duodenum becomes what?
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bile duct
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The ventral pancreatic bud forms what structures?
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main pancreatic duct, uncinate process and inferior portion of the head of the pancreas
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The dorsal pancreatic bud forms what structures?
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superior head of pancreas, body adn tail of pancreas, accessory bile duct
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As the stomach rotates it carries the _____ pancreatic bud around to fuse with the _____ pancreatic bud
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ventral/dorsal
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the duodenum proximal to the bile duct is derived form ______gut
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foregut
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duodenum distal to bile duct is derived from _____gut
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midgut
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what is duodenal stenosis?
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Incomplete recanalization of duodenum (very narrow lumen)
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what is duodenal atresia?
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no recanalization of duodenum (complete obstruction)
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what are symptoms of duodenal stenosis?
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recurrent vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulceration
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what are symptoms of duodenal atresia?
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maternal polyhydramnios
bile containing vomitus distended stomach |
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the cranial portion of the midgut forms what structures?
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jejunum, proximal ileum
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the caudal portion of midgut forms what structures?
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distal ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon
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At six weeks what happens to the intestinal loop?
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the intestinal loop exits the abdomen of the fetus and enters the proximal umbilical cord. It rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise.
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What is a physiologic hernia?
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Normal migration of the intestinal loop into the proximal umbilical cord
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At ten weeks what happens to the intestinal loop?
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It returns from the umbilical cord into the abdominal cavity of the fetus. It rotates 180 degrees counterclockwise.
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What is the total rotation of the intestinal loop (midgut)?
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270 degrees counterclockwise?
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After rotation of the midgut is complete at the 10th week the caudal portion is on which side of the body?
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right
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After rotation of the midgut is complete at the 10th week the cranial portion is on which side of the body?
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left
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Initially the cecum lies ____ the right lobe of the liver, but descends into _______?
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below/right iliac fossa
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When does the vermiform appendix form?
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during the descent of the cecum
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what are some complications of nonrotation and malrotation of the midgut?
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abnormal mesenteric attachment
volvulus of intestine obstruction |
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what is a failure of the midgut to return to the abdominal cavity?
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omphalocoel
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In an omphalocoel are the hernitated intestines enclosed in umbilical cord and covered with amnion?
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Yes!
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what is gastroschisis?
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protrusion of viscera directly into amniotic cavity
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where does gastroschisis occur in relation to the umbilical cord?
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lateral, usually on the right
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what causes gastroschisis?
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abnormal closure of body wall
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is the viscera covered by amnion in gastroschisis?
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No!
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Does gastroschisis or omphalocele have a better prognosis?
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gastroschisis
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what is meckel's diverticulum?
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incompletely obliterated vitelline duct. sometimes attached to umbilicus
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what is the cloaca?
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terminal end of hindgut
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what are the 2 partitions of the cloaca?
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urogenital sinus
rectum |
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what is the cloacal membrane?
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surface ectoderm and hindgut endoderm
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what are the 2 partitions of the cloacal membrane?
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urogenital membrane and anal membrane
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what is the white line of the anal canal?
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demarcates the junction between columnar epithelium and stratified squamos epithelium
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what is an imperforate anus?
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the anal membrane fails to break down
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what is a urorectal fistula?
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incomplete partitioning of hindgut. there is a connection between rectum and urethra
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what is Hirschsprung's disease?
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absence of parasympathetic ganglia in gut wall. caused by failure of neural crest to migrate to walls of intestines
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in Hirschsprung's disease what action is absent in affected regions?
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peristalsis
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the dorsal mesentary includes what structures?
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greater omentum
mesentery of small intestine mesoappendix transverse mesocolon sigmoid mesocolon |
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the ventral mesentary includes what structures?
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lesser omentum
falciform ligament |
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what are the 2 parts of the lesser omentum?
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hepatogastric ligament
hepatoduodenal ligament |
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which structures of the GI tract are primary retroperitoneal?
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esophagus
rectum |
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which structures of the GI tract are secondarily retroperitoneal?
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ascending colon
descending colon duodenum pancreas |
