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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Early cultures believed rubies held the power of
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life
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Why is ruby one of the most historically significant colored stones?
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It's mentioned in the bible 4 times.
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What is ruby called in sanskrit
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ratnaraj: King of precious stones
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Which colored stone commands the highest per-carat price
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ruby
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What does ruby rate on the Mohs scale
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9
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Why does a ruby make a great romantic gift
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it is the symbol of passion
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What are the most valuable ruby colors
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red to slightly purplish red with medium to medium-dark tones and vivid saturation
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What are the ruby hues range
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orangy red to purplish red
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If tone is too light, the stone is considered what instead of a ruby
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pink sapphire
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What are the earth's 3 most abundant elements
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aluminum, oxygen and silicon
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All corundum varietiees are made of a mixture of what 2 elements, and what is the mixture known as
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aluminum and oxygen = aluminum oxide
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Corundum can only form in an environment with a low _______ content
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silicon
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What is the trace element that makes ruby red
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chromium
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The finest rubies typically form in what deposits
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marble
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What does chromium cause that adds to the intensity of a ruby's bodycolor
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fluorescence
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How does marble form
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as part of the metamorphic process, when heat and pressure act on existing limestone
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What element do marble hosted rubies lack
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iron
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What color do marble hosted rubies typically show
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pure red because of the lack of brown modifying hues
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Which 3 countries are rubies marble hosted
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Myanmar, the Himalayas and Northen Vietnam
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What are basalt-hosted rubies
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THey are associated with alkali-basalt host rocks
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What process results in basalt-hosted rubies
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molten basaltic rock transports ruby crystals from deep within the earth's crust to the surface.
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basalt-hosted rubies have higher levels of ______ than marble-hosted
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iron
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Which 2 countries produce basalt-hosted rubies
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Thailand and Cambodia
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What does the presence of iron in a ruby inhibit
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fluorescence
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Iron-rich rubies often have a ______ appearance
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dark
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What is metasomatism
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a metemorphic process in which minerals exchange their chemical components in the presence of fluids.
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Give an example of metasomatism
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deslication, a process that removes silicon from the rock, leaving aluminum and oxygen behind to form corundum
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Which 5 countries are believed to have metasomatic ruby deposits
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southern India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Central Vietnam
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What are the 4 color hues for ruby
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oR, R, slpR, stpR
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The term burmese color is used to indicate
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the finest quality stones regardless of origin.
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burmese color is also called
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pigeon's blood
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Describe the finest "Burmese" ruby's qualities (Color, saturation, tone, fluorescence, inclusions)
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Color: red to lightly purplish red hue
Saturation: Vivid Tone: medium-dark Fluorescence: Glowing red Inclusions: minute that give the color a characteristic softness |
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"Thai" and "Paiin" rubies describe rubies that look similar to stones from which sources
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the border between Thailand and Cambodia
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Describe the attributes of a "Thai" ruby
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color: can be pure red, but are generally brownish red to purplish red hue
tone: medium-dark to very dark fluorescence: Lacking Extinction areas common making them appear darker than "Burmese" stones |
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The lowest quality "Thai" stones are sometimes called...
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mud rubies
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"Ceylon" and "Sri Lankan" attributes
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color: purplish red to pinkish red hue
tone: medium to very light *Light tone means they absorb less light and tend to be brighter than darker colored rubies. |
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Many ""Ceylon" and "Sri Lankan" rubies actually look more like...
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pink sappires.
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Fine quality rubies over what size are rare
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1ct.
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What is the most common shape of a ruby's crystal
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tabular hexagonal prism
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What are the most common shapes of fashioned rubies
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ovals and cushions with brilliant-cut crowns and step-cut pavilions
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What are the hues of ruby's pleochroism
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red to purplish red in one crystal direction and orangy red in the other.
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Inclusion free rubies are....
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practically nonexistant
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Typical ruby clarity characteristics include (7)
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silk (rutile needles), boehmite needles, included crystals, fingerprint inclusions, growth zoning, color zoning and color banding
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Why is silk in a ruby an admired characteristic
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it causes light to scatter across facets that might otherwise be too dark which adds softness to the color and spreads the color more evenly across the crown.
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Rubies from where contain no rutile silk (2)
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Thailand and Cambodia
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Almost all rubies are ______ to enhance color
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heat treated
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which 6 treatments are used on rubies
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heat, fracture filling, cavity filling, quench crackling, dyeing and lattice diffusion.
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ruby crystals from Mong Hsu, Myanmar often have what characteristic
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dark cores.
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Which country imports more rubies than any other
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USA
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Which country is the world's largest corundum marking center, exporting most of the faceted commercial-quality rubies on the market
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Thailand
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Which country is the 2nd largest exporter of rubies, by dollar amount (mostly high-end stones) to the US
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Switzerland
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Which is the 2nd largest ruby supplier to the US by carat weight
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India
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Rubies are mined mostly from which types of sources
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Secondary, in alluvial gravels in riverbeds and valleys.
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Where is the most important historical ruby source
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Mogok, Myanmar
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Where do the vast majority of the world's commerical-quality rubies come from
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Mong Hsu, Myanmar
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Some clarity characteristics common to Sri Lankan corundum are
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rutile silk, solid inclusions, cavities and healed fractures. Most are heat treated
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Clarity characteristics common to Mogok rubies are
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dense clouds of rutile silk and minute particles of other materials
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clarity characteristics common to thai rubies include
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boehmite needles, other mineral inclusions and inclusions that have been altered by heat treatment.
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Where is the world's most promising "New" sources of ruby
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Vietnam: Luc Yen close to the Chinese border
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Clarity characteristics common to Vietnam rubies include
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fractures, dense clouds of rutile silk and textured clouds that appear bluish under certain lighting.
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What are the most important ruby deposits in Kenya
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Penny Lane Mine and John Saul Mine
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clarity characteristics common to Kenyan rubies include
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feathers and thick, wispy fluid fingerprints
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Where are ruby deposits in Tanzania located
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Umba River Valley
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Where is the most important ruby deposit of Afghanistan
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Jagdalek, near the Pakistan border
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Which ruby region has deposits that require a 6 day journey to reach them
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Nepal
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Name 2 ruby imitations
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doublet and quench crackled quartz
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What do synthetic rubies lack that makes them less valuable
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rarity
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Which 2 companies have created virtually all of the flux-grown rubies available today
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Chathamn Inc and J.O. Crystal Co.
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Flame Fusion rubies are typically used for
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birthstone, jewelry, class rings, industrial bearings
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Who produces most of the flame fusion rubies
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Swiss companies
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The flux process rubies are used primarily for
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jewelry
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Rubies from the Czochralski (Pulling) method are used for
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high-tech applications
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