Gi_Biochem_Lipid&protein&cho_Digest

Front 1

Note on these Cards:
From 2, week 1 biochem lectures

Back 1

Are only most impt highlights from lec and HO

Front 2

Gastric and Lingual lipase are preferential to what Fatty Acids (or Tri Acyl Glycerides, TAGs)

Back 2

Short & Mediu
12 or less C atoms
--hydrolyze top and bottom tail of FA leave: glycerol -2-mono acyl (from middle) + 2 FFAs

Front 3

MEch for Steatorrhea

Back 3

Liver Dz-> insuff Bile salts-->incomplete TAG (fat) digestionion = no absorb=shit

Front 4

TAG + Pancreatic Lipase=
(2 steps)

Back 4

3rd FA & 1,2-diacylglyceride
--> 2-mono.(2MG)... & 1st FA

Front 5

C4 to C12 FAs and Miciles

Back 5

Dont Need them
--directly absorbed
(may still need bile salt though...unsure)

Front 6

What does ER of intestinal cell do with FAs (>12C) and 2-MG

Back 6

Put together to make TG, via TG Syntheisis (req that the FAs added be in this form: FACoA--activated fatty acid)
=Re-esterification of long chain TG

Front 7

The reesterified (mostly long chain) TG is packed into chylomicron with what else

Back 7

apoprotein B-48 -->lymph--> blood

Front 8

A-beta Lipoproteinemia?

Back 8

Absorbed lipids can't be packaged, (sent back into lumen??)
=Steatorrhea

Front 9

Chylos with TGs in Blood = mature. What next

Back 9

Capillary Walls in Adipose & Muscle use LPL activated by APo-C-2 digests the TGs into FA and glycerol. Chylo remnant back to Liver and digested by hepatic lysozomes.

Front 10

1. Impaired Micelle formation=?
2. Decreased Chylo Formation/transportion=?

Back 10

1. Maldigestion

2. Malabsorption--also due to dec mucosal absorption

Front 11

Tx for mal abs/digestion?

Back 11

Medium Chain TGs
(C4/5-->C11)
-more soluble, easily hydrolized b panc. lipase
-rapid absorption--Passes DIRECTLY to blood

Front 12

moving on to?

Back 12

Protein!

Front 13

Features of Pepsin (active at low pH) from Cheif/Zymogen Cells

Back 13

ENDOpeptidase
-works on peptide bonds WITHIN polypeptide
-Works in Stomach

Front 14

1st step for Intestinal Pr digestion

Back 14

Pancreatic Bicarb needed to inactivated zymogens from stomach and ACTIVATE pancreatic Zymogens, chiefly, Trypsinogen

Front 15

What activates Trypsinogen (panc. enzyme)

Back 15

Duodenal Enteropeptidase
--ie, done in Small Intestine, not stomach like Pepsin

Front 16

What does Trypsin Activate?

Back 16

Chymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase (exopeptidase)
Proelastase (elastin + aa. with small R-group)
(also trypsinogen i think)

Front 17

What do trypsin (specific) and chymotyrpsin cleave

Back 17

Hydrophobic aa
--both are endopeptdases

Front 18

What are exopeptidase impt for?

Back 18

cleave to:
FREE a.a.
Dipeptides
tripeptides

Front 19

2 Methods for AA absorption from lumen and 1 into portal vein (ultimately) ?

Back 19

Na+ Dependent (co-) Transporter
H+ Dependent --di/tripeps
Faciliated Diffusion into Vein--on serosal (not brush border side)

Front 20

Which method requires energy

Back 20

Na+ Dependent
-Na+/K+ ATPase on paracellular side to create Na gradient favorable to entry (Na+ pumped into serosa)

Front 21

5 groups of Na+ dependent aa transporters at brush border?

Back 21

Basic aa
Acidic aa
Small Neutral aa
Large Neutral aa
Beta aa

Front 22

Dzz with transport of Neutral aa in brush border and in renal tubes??

Back 22

Hartnup
--explanation sucked

Front 23

Essential aa mneumonic?

Back 23

Private Tim hall
PVT TIM HALL

Front 24

PVT
TIM
HALL

Back 24

Phe, Val, Threo
Trypto, Iso, Meth
Hist, Arg*, Leu, Lys (lys is K actually)

Front 25

Why is arg not entirely essential

Back 25

produced by urea cycle

Front 26

Protein (high quality) req for adult formula

Back 26

0.8 g / kg / day

Front 27

Protein (high quality) req for pregnant 2nd&3rd trimester formula?

If Breastfeeding

Back 27

.8 g/ kg/ day
+30 grams

+ 20 grams

Front 28

Infant--> 6 mos

6 mos --> 1 yr (oddly its less)

Back 28

2.2 g / day

6mos-1yr 2.0 g / day

Front 29

Protein def in diet , in spite of enough calories causes?

Back 29

Kwashiorkor
-distended abdomen
-anemia, retard growth
-mm. wasting

Front 30

Def of Protein & Calories

Back 30

Marasmus

Front 31

Non-tropical/Celiac Sprue is a MalDigestion of Pr.
What is Tx

Back 31

Gluten free: corn, rice, soy, oat flour, potato

Front 32

What is optimum ph for Gastric Lipase?

Back 32

Alkaline
--it Pepsin that needs HCL to activate
0----trypsin is with bicarb in duodenum

Front 33

From HO

Back 33

may be on Lipids firstW

Front 34

WHat is Colipase

Back 34

Bridge btw Bile Salts and Pancreatic Lipase (doesnt like them--inactivates)
---allows lipid to enter active site of Lipase

Front 35

B/c Glycerol and MEDIUM chain FAs a water soluble, what do they do

Back 35

Avoid micelles, go straight through enterocyte villi and diffuse into blood on Albumin
---ALSO DO NOT REQUIRE BILE SALT OR CHYLOMICRON FORMATION

Front 36

Carboxypeptidase (pro) is from pancrease, where is Aminopeptidase?

Back 36

In Intestinal mucosa

Front 37

Liver take up AA most rapidly. In tissues how are AA taken up?

Back 37

Faciliated by Insulin
--w/ Glutathione in some tissues

Front 38

MOVING on to the CARBS

Back 38

(CHOs)
Major are Starch, Lactose and Sucrose from diet

Front 39

Digestion converts ALL polyCHOs to?

Back 39

MONOsachs are else pooped out as dietary fiber

Front 40

Generally, what 2 forms of transport deliver monocarbs into epithelium from lumen?

Back 40

Na+ dependent Transports
Facilitated Diffusion Transporters

Front 41

Generally, how are monocarbs trans into tissues

Back 41

Facilitated Transporters

Front 42

Note: Glucose (Glc) and Galactose are both Aldoses (aldehyde sted of ketone, like fructose) are what sort of diasteriomers

Back 42

Epimers
--diff at only one sterogenic point, molecular formula is same

Front 43

Most sugars in human tissues are what rotation?

Back 43

D
think of D-Glc

Front 44

Which anomer of a sugar ring has the 1st OH group down?

Back 44

Alpha
--beta sugars have the OH up

Front 45

2 forms of starch

Back 45

Amylose -- is unbranched
Amylopectin
---either way, its a polymer of Glc

Front 46

Linkages for Starch in amylose form?
Amylopectin?

Back 46

amylose is ALPHA-1-4 linkage
---add an ALPHA-1-6 to branch = pectin
---we can have both

Front 47

Why is lactose problematic?

Back 47

THough its just Glc and Galactose, their linked BETA-1-4
enzyme gets lost after weening

Front 48

What is maltose?

Back 48

2 Glc

Front 49

What is lignan?

Back 49

Plant Dietary Fiber
--

Front 50

Dietary fibers 2 groups

Back 50

Water Soluble --ie pectin- slows mvmt of food--more digestion time
Water Insoluble--

Front 51

BETA 1-4 linked Glucose polypeptide is aka?

Back 51

Cellulose

--alph 1-4 = Maltose --fine to eat

Front 52

Starch + Salivary alpha-amylase =

Starch + Pancreatic Alpha-amylase=
---amylase is endoglucosidase--

Back 52

a-Dextrin

limit dextrin
---both still have branches/are oligos

Front 53

Oligos with branches (ie products of amylase) and other Dissacharides are brought to mono by what ? Where?

Back 53

Glycosidases (aka brush border dissacharidases)
at brush border--attached to membrane

Front 54

Glycosidase for Maltose is what?
Sucrose?

Back 54

alpha-glycosidase

Sucrose=Sucrase-isomaltase

Front 55

What works on Trehalose?
What is yeilded

Back 55

Trehalase
yeild Glc

Trehalose is just alpha-1-1-Glcs

Front 56

What are 3 products of Colonic Bacteria that digest OUR undigestables (sugars and fibers)

Back 56

Short Chain FAs
Lactate
Gases (CO2, CH3, H2)

Front 57

How is the very polar Glc (galactose too) molecule taken up by Epithelial Cells from Lumen

Back 57

Na+ Dependent Transport &
Facilitated Transport
--Facilitated by 5 isoforms of Glut
Glut1 - Glut5

Front 58

How does Na help with Glc & Galact transport

Back 58

Gets pumped out paracellulary by atpase
--creates Na gradient into cell, Glc and Galact travel along

Front 59

How is fructose absorbed
which GLUTs are where

Back 59

Na+ INDEPENDENT Facilitated Transport
with GLUT5 in lumen, GLUT2 toward blood

Front 60

Which Gluts are faciliatators for Glc and Galactose

Back 60

Indirect Actively pumped in with Na+
then out to Blood with GLUT2

Front 61

GLUT used for the Facilitative Transport of MonoCarbs into tissues:
Adipose, Skeletal mm

Back 61

GLUT4 in fat and mm

Front 62

GLUT used for the Facilitative Transport of MonoCarbs into tissues:
Red Cells
BBbarrier/ retinal barrier

Back 62

GLUT1 for RBCs and BBB

Front 63

GLUT used for the Facilitative Transport of MonoCarbs into tissues:
Serosal side of intestines,
Liver,
Kidney, Pancreas

Back 63

GLUT2 -- serosa of Intestines
Liver, Kidney, Panc.

Front 64

GLUT used for the Facilitative Transport of MonoCarbs into tissues:
Lumen of Intestines into Cell

Back 64

GLUT5

Front 65

What is Km for GLc in most cells?

In Liver?

Back 65

Low, so high affinity

Liver has HIGH Km for Glc= low affinity...ie, it kicks in when other are saturated to reduce blood sugar and store it

Front 66

What induces translocation of GLUT4 to membrane? Important for What tissues

Back 66

Insulin induces GLUT 4 which is necessary for Skelletal MM and adipose tissue uptake

Front 67

What GLUTS needed for Glc to brain

Back 67

GLUT1 into BBB cell
GLUT3 out of BBB cell into Neurons

Front 68

What deficiency cause hereditary Fructose intolerance

Back 68

Aldolase B
--needed to make Fructose-1-P into Dihyrdoxyacetone-P

Front 69

Infants fail to thrive, vomit after milk = what deficient enzyme/dz

Back 69

Galactosemia
via Galactoskinase Defic

may get cataracts or retarded

Front 70

Note, when not eating branched amylopectin (where it does convert to limit dextrins) Pancreatic amylase takes sugars down to Di and Tri Sachs called

Back 70

Maltose
Maltotriose

Front 71

Note: lack of Galactoskinase is

Back 71

NON classical Galactosemia

Front 72

What is deficiency in CLASSICAL galactosemia

Back 72

galactose-1-P-uradyl Transferase
deficiency
=Classical
====similar presentation with Galactosemia/uria