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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the Z-line denote? What is another name for it?
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The epigastric junction or the area where a transition from epithilium lining the esophagus to that lining the stomach takes place.
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What anchors the esophagus to the lumbar vertebrae?
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The right crus of the diaphragm.
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The looseining of what ligament can cause a hiatal hernia? What pathology results from this?
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THe loosening of the upper liimb of the phrenico esophageal ligament can cause a hiatal hernia. This results in a loss of sphincter function and acid pouring into the esophagus.
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What does the epigastric sphincter do?
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Prevents stomach acid from going into esophagus.
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What nerves come with the esoophagus through the esophageal hiatus?
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The vagal trunks which become the gastric nerves.
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What is a hiatal hernia?
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Protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus (loose phrenico esophageal ligaments).
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What is pyrosis? What is it often associated with?
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When acid moves into the esophagus (heart burn) or regurgitation of food and acid above the Z line of the esophagus damaging the esophageal mucosa. Often it is associated with a hiatal hernia.
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What are the 4 main parts of the stomach?
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Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part.
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What are the 3 parts to the pyloric part?
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Pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, Pyloris.
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What are the 2 structures in the pyloris?
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Pyloric sphincter and pyloric orifice.
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Describe the feeling of the pyloris. Why does it feel this way?
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Very hard due to increased wall thickness with more smooth muscle.
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What is the antrum an entrance to?
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The pyloric reagion of the stomach.
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What is the "reservoir of burps"?
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The fundus.
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What defines the angular incisure?
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A change in curvature from vertical to horizontal.
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What is the function of the pyloris?
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Opens for a short time to allow chyme to pass through
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What is the purpose of gastric folds? What is another name for them?
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To increase surface area for acid release. AKA "rugae"
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What is between gastric folds?
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Gastric canals.
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As soon as you leave the ploric orifice you are in what region of the digestive tract?
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The duodenal cap.
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What is the name for the thick band of muscle that controls the diameter of the pyloric orifice?
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The pyloric sphincter.
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Describe the flow food would take through the stomach assuming it stays closely adhered to the inferior aspect of the stomach.
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Esophagus->Cardia->Body->Antrum->Pyloric canal->Pyloris->Duodenum
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Which branches of the celiac artery supply the stomach?
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All 3 branches supply the stomach. (Common hepatic, left gastric, splenic)
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Which artery supplies the right lesser curvature? WHat is its origin?
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The right gastric artery originates from the common hepatic artery.
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What artery supplies the right side of the greater curvature? What is its orgin?
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The gastroduodenal artery. It originates from the common hepatic artery and passes being the duodenum.
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What artery supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach?
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The left gastric artery.
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What artery supplies the fundus?
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The splenic artery.
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What artery supplies the majoritey of the greater curvature of the stomach? What is its origin?
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The left gastro-omental artery supplies the majority of the greater curvture of the stomach. Its origin is the splenic artery.
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What is the major excretion product of the duodenum?
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Enzymes and bile.
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What are the 4 ares of the duodenum?
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Superior, descending, horizontal, ascending.
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Where are the minor/major duodenal papillae found?
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In the descending duodenum.
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What does the major duodenal papillae release? How about the minor?
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THe major releases enzymes and bile. THe minor releases only enzymes.
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Where is the suspensory ligament of duodenum (triez)? What does it do? With what is it continuous with?
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The suspensory ligament od duodenum (triez) is found in the ascending duodenum and is continuous with the right crus of the diaphragm. It anchors the duodenu.
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Where is the duodenojejunal junction and flexure and what function can it serve?
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The duodenojejunal junction and flexure can be found in the ascending duodenum. Flow of food can be regulated here.
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What are plicae circulares?
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Folds of the duodenum that add surface area.
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Does the suspensory ligment of duodenum lie in front of or behind the pancreas?
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Behind the pancreas.
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What supplies the superior surface of the duodenum? What is that artery's origin?
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The supraduodenal artery from the gastroduodenal artery.
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What supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach and part of the duodenum? What is its origin?
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The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the gastroduodenal artery.
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What artery found in the duodenum has 2 arteries of the same name?
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The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
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What artery supplies the distal portion of the duodenum? What is its origin?
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The Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the superior mesenteric artery.
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As you are traveling through the duodenum from the pyloris to the jejunum, describe the arteries that would supply the sections that you are in.
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Supraduodenal artery->Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery->Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
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What is a typical pation who has arteriomesenteric occlusion of the duodenum?
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A pation who is tall, frail, weak, slender and has flacid abdominal muscles.
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What are the symptoms of arteriomesenteric occlusion of duodenum? What can alleviate this condition?
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Nausea and vomiting 1-2 hours after a meal. Lying down after the meal can ease symptoms.
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Where is the jejunum usually located? What occurs here?
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The jejunum occupies the left superior side of the small intestine. Enzymatic digestion continues to occur here.
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Where does the majority of the absorption of nutrients take place?
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In the ileum.
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Describe the differences between the jejunum and the ileum with respect to wall, arcades, vasa recta, anastamoses, amount of fat, plicae, and peyer's patches.
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Jejunum: Thicker, smaller number of arcades, longer vasa recta, poorer anastomoses, less fat, many plicae, few peyer's patches.
Ileum: Thinner, Larger number of arcades, shorter vasa recta, better anastomoses, more fat, few plicae, many peyer's patches. |
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What color is the jejunum in a living person?
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Pink
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What color is the ileum in a living person?
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Pale.
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Approximately how many arcades does the jejunum usually have?
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1-2
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Approximately how many arcades does the ileum usually have?
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Several sets.
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What is intussusception?
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Telescoping of the small intestine into an adjacent section.
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What is volvulus?
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Twisting of a loop of the small intestion to such an extend that blood flow through the mesentary is obstructed.
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What are Tenia Coli? Where are they found? How many are there?
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The Tenia coli are 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle found in the large intestine.
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What is the major function of the Large intestine?
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Absorption of water.
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What are haustra? What is their purpose?
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Bulges in the colon that holds food so water can be absorped.
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What seperates haustra? What are they made of?
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Semilunar folds separate haustra. They are made of smooth muscle.
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What are omental appendices? Where are they found?
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Omental appendices are lobules of fat along tenia coli in the large intestine.
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Where is the appendix attached?
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To the base of the Cecum.
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What anchors the left colic flexure?
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The phrenicocolic ligament?
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What does the phrenicocolic ligament anchor?
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The left colic flexure.
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What layer is lost after the sigmoidal colon?
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The visceral peritoneom.
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What is diahrea?
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The fast transfer of food through the colon without time for water absorption to occur (why it is so watery).
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What artery's branches runs with the appendix?
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The colic artery.
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What is the passageway from the ileum to the cecum called?
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The ileocecal orifice.
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What orientation is the majority of appendixes in humans? How about the second most common?
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Retrocecal orientation (behind the colon is the most common (64%). The second most common is the pelvic orientatation (32%).
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How big is the liver?
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Largest organ in the body.
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What are the functions of the liver?
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Processing digestive tract nutrients, bile production, glycogen storage.
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What are the 4 anatomical lobes of the liver?
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Left, right, caudate, and quadrate.
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What is the quadrate lobe bordered by on the left and right sides?
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Left side ligamentum teres, right side gall bladder.
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What seperates the anatomical right and left lobes?
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The falciform ligament.
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What is the most superior ligament of the liver? What does this ligament eventually become? What structure does it anchor the liver to?
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The coronary ligament is the most superior ligament it eventually becomes the left triangular ligament.
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What is the most inferior liament on the liver?
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The ligamentum teres.
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What other organ is closely associated with the liver?
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The Gallbladder.
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What is the ligamentum teres a remnant of? What structure is it heading towards?
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The ligamentum teres is a remnant of the old umbilical vein towards the inferior vena cava.
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What demarkates the functional division of the liver? On which lobe is this located?
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The inferior vena cava demarks the functional division andh is mostly on the right lobe of the liver.
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What are the two functional lobes of the liver?
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The left and right functional lobes.
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What is found in the porta hepatis?
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Bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery
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Where do hepatic veins lead?
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To the inferior vena cava.
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What does the hepatic artery carry?
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Oxygenated blood to the liver (supplies parenchyma).
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What does the portal vein carry?
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Nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood.
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Give the 3 veins of the liver in the order that they branch form the portal vein.
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Splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric vein, form together into portal vein.
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What is the bare area?
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Area of the liver where it contacts the diaphragm.
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Which is more superior the anterior or the posterior coronary ligament?
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The anterior coronary ligamen is more superior.
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What ligament do the anterior coronary and the posterior coronary ligament form?
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The Right triangular ligament.
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On what aspect of the liver is the liver is the porta hepatis found?
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On the posterior aspect.
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What two lobes is the ligamentum venosum found between?
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The left lobe and the caudate lobe.
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Between what two ligaments is the ligamentum venosum found?
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Between the 2 posterior coronary ligaments.
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What are the 3 parts of the Gall bladder?
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The fundus, the body and the neck.
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What specialized structure does the neck contain?
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The spiral valve (like fingers).
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What happens if the gall bladder doesn't absorb enough water?
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Gall stones can form from precipitation of enzymes.
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Where can gallstones usually get trapped?
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Cystic duct.
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What is cholecystisis?
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Inflammation of the gall bladder, usually results in jaundice.
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Where do hepatic veins lead?
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To the inferior vena cava.
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What does the hepatic artery carry?
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Oxygenated blood to the liver (supplies parenchyma).
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What does the portal vein carry?
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Nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood.
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Give the 3 veins of the liver in the order that they branch form the portal vein.
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Splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, superior mesenteric vein, form together into portal vein.
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What is the bare area?
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Area of the liver where it contacts the diaphragm.
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Which is more superior the anterior or the posterior coronary ligament?
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The anterior coronary ligamen is more superior.
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What ligament do the anterior coronary and the posterior coronary ligament form?
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The Right triangular ligament.
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On what aspect of the liver is the liver is the porta hepatis found?
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On the posterior aspect.
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What two lobes is the ligamentum venosum found between?
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The left lobe and the caudate lobe.
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Between what two ligaments is the ligamentum venosum found?
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Between the 2 posterior coronary ligaments.
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What are the 3 parts of the Gall bladder?
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The fundus, the body and the neck.
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What specialized structure does the neck contain?
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The spiral valve (like fingers).
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What happens if the gall bladder doesn't absorb enough water?
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Gall stones can form from precipitation of enzymes.
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Where can gallstones usually get trapped?
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Cystic duct.
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What is cholecystisis?
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Inflammation of the gall bladder, usually results in jaundice.
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What do the right and left hepatic duct form?
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The common hepatic duct.
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What do the common hepatic duct and cystic duct form?
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The bile duct.
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What duct joins the bile duct?
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The main pancreatic duct.
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What duct dumps directly into the small intestine?
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The accessory pancreatic duct.
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What dumps into the major duodenal papilla?
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The gall bladder (cystic duct), right and left hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, bile duct, main pancreatic duct.
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What dumps into the minor duodenal papilla?
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The Acessory pancreatic duct.
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Which will food come in contact with first, the major or the minor duodenal papilla?
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The minor duodenal papilla.
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What forms the hepato pancreatic (Vater) amuplla?
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The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct.
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Where is the hepatopancreatic ampulla located?
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The major duodenal papilla.
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What are the exocrine and endocrine products released by the pancreas?
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Exocrine - pancreatic enzymes
Endocrine - Insulin and glucagon |
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What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?
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Head, neck, body, tail.
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What is the Uncinate process and what does it extend behind?
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The uncinate process is part of the head of the pancreas and it extends posteriorly behind the superior mesenteric artery and veins.
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What is the function of the spleen?
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Filters blood, removes old blood cells and foreign material.
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Describe the strength of the spleen.
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Delicate structure, thin capsule most frequnely injured organ in the body.
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What is the hilum of the spleen?
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The site of ligament attachments and splenic vessels enter and leave.
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What takes over the function of the spleen if it is removed?
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The liver and the bone marrow.
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Where will a stab wound rupture the spleen?
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A stab wound at the 9th intercostal space near the midaxillary line.
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What 2 pathologies will result from a stabbing of the spleen?
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Hemothorax and abdominal bleeding.
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