Gi Test

Front 1

Acetylcholine

Back 1

Increases gastric acid

Front 2

Norepinephrine

Back 2

Inhibitor

Front 3

Gastrin

Back 3

Increase secretion of gastric juices

Front 4

Cholecystokinin

Back 4

Release of bile into the duodenum

Front 5

Secretin

Back 5

Increased production of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

Front 6

Histamine

Back 6

Increased gastric acid production

Front 7

GI Tract

Back 7

is 23-26 feet long starts at the mouth ends at the rectum

Front 8

Small Intestine

Back 8

is the longest segment of the GI, this is where absorption of nutrients to the bloodstream

Front 9

Large Intestine

Back 9

Ascending, transverse, descending to the sigmoid

Front 10

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 10

exert an inhibitory effect on the GI tract, decreasing gastric secretion and motility and causing sphincters and blood vessels to constrict

Front 11

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 11

causes peristalsis and increased secretory activities, sphincters relax

Front 12

Upper esophagus and external anal sphincter

Back 12

are under voluntary control

Front 13

Primary function of the GI tract

Back 13

Breakdown, absorption, and elimination

Front 14

The function of gastric secretions

Back 14

breakdown food into more absorbable form and aid in the destruction of most ingested bacteria

Front 15

Intrinsic factor

Back 15

is also secreted by the gastric mucosa, combines with dietary vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed in the ileum (no intrinsic no Vitamin B12 absorption)

Front 16

Chyme

Back 16

partially digested food mixed with gastric secretions

Front 17

Duodenal secretions (small intestines)

Back 17

come from pancreas, liver and gallbladder-digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, and bile

Front 18

trypsin

Back 18

aids in the digestion of protein

Front 19

amylase

Back 19

aids in the digestion of starch

Front 20

lipase

Back 20

aids in the digestion of fats

Front 21

villi

Back 21

small fingerlike produce enzymes and absorbs nutrients

Front 22

Bacteria in the large intestine

Back 22

assists in the completing the breakdown of waste material, especially of undigested or unabsorbed proteins and bile salt

Front 23

The GI tract contains how much gases normally?

Back 23

150ml

Front 24

Pain in the GI

Back 24

there are NO pain receptors however there are stretch receptors

Front 25

Dyspepsia

Back 25

Indigestion

Front 26

Dyspepsia s/s

Back 26

pain, discomfort, fullness, bloating, early satiety, belching, heartburn, regurgitation

Front 27

Blood in the upper GI tract

Back 27

tarry-black color

Front 28

blood in the lower portion of GI

Back 28

bright or dark red (anal bleeding if it is streaking)

Front 29

Achalasia

Back 29

absence of peristalsis of the lower esophagus resulting in difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, and into the bloodstream

Front 30

What is stomach cancer?

Back 30

Cancer of the stomach wall, no signal causitive agennts, has been associated with diets containing
*smoked foods
*salted fish or meats
*pickled vegetables

Front 31

Hiatal hernia

Back 31

stomach moves up into the lower portion of thorax, 90% are sliding

Front 32

What are clinical manifestations of stomach cancer?

Back 32

often spreads before symptoms occur
unexplained weight loss
lack of appetite
indigestion
abdominal pain
signs and symptoms of anemia such as
*pallor
*fatigue
*weak
*Shortness of breath
*dizziness
--Possible abdomen distention

Front 33

Hiatel Hernia s/s

Back 33

heartburn, regurgitation, and dyshagia, but at least 50% of patients are asymptomatic... may have fullness and chest pain after eating

Front 34

With any hernia you have

Back 34

the risk of hemorrhage, obstruction or strangulation

Front 35

Hiatal Hernia is confirmed by

Back 35

x-ray, barium swallow, and fluoroscopy

Front 36

Diverticulum

Back 36

is an outpouching of mucosa and submucosa that protrudes through a weak portion of musculature

Front 37

Diverticulum s/s

Back 37

difficulty swallowing, fullness in the neck, belching, regurgitation, gurgling noises while eating

Front 38

Diverticulum may be confirmed by

Back 38

Barium swallow, esophagoscpy

Front 39

Foreign Bodies

Back 39

Swallowing of a foreign body

Front 40

Foreign bodies s/s

Back 40

pain and dysphagia

Front 41

Foreign bodies may be confirmed by

Back 41

an x-ray

Front 42

Chemical burns

Back 42

swallowing of an acid or base that burns the esophagus may also happen from undissolved medication in the esophagus

Front 43

Chemical burns s/s

Back 43

emotional distraught as well as in acute pain, difficult breathing and swallowing

Front 44

Gastrointestinal reflux disease commonly known as GERD

Back 44

back flow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus

Front 45

GERD s/s

Back 45

pyrois( burning sensation in the esophagus), dyspepsia(indigestion), regurgitation, dysphagia or odynophagia (pain on swallowing) hypersalivation, and esophagitis ( may mimic a heart attack)

Front 46

GERD is confirmed by

Back 46

endoscoy or barium swallow. ambulatory 12-36 hour esophageal pH monitoring is used to monitore the degree of acid reflux, bilirubin monitoring is used to measure bile reflux

Front 47

Barrett's Esophagus

Back 47

is a condition where the lining of the esophageal mucosa is altered typically associated with GERD

Front 48

Barrett's Esophagus is confirmed by

Back 48

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) as well as biopsies

Front 49

Gastritis

Back 49

inflammation of the stomach mucosa often caused by an irritant (food, medication, alcohol)

Front 50

Gastritis s/s

Back 50

abdominal discomfurt, headache, lassitude, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, hiccups...chronic gastritis s/s are anorexia, heartburn after eating, belching, sour taste in mouth or nausea and vomiting

Front 51

Gastritis may be confirmed by

Back 51

upper GI x-ray, endoscopy, histologic examination of a tissue

Front 52

Helicobacter pylori

Back 52

may cause chronic gastritis and prolonged inflammation

Front 53

Gastritis is sometimes associated with achlorhydria

Back 53

high or low levels of hydrochloric acid

Front 54

What is peptic ulcer disease? (PUD)

Back 54

develop in presence of acidic environment
erosion of the GI mucosa due to the digestive action HCl acid and pepsin
stomach lining erroded or torn away from HCL or pepsin

Front 55

what is the connection between gastric ulcers and PUD?

Back 55

In stomach, less common in the US, greater mortality rate, age >50 more likely to get gastric ulcers, usually result in obstruction
R/F- H. pylori, meds, smoking, bile reflux

Front 56

what is the connection between duodenal ulcers and PUD?

Back 56

more common in US,
can effect any age but usually 35-40 years old
R/F H. pylori is most common, smoking, alcohol,

Front 57

What are clinical manifestations of Gastric ulcers?

Back 57

Gastric- dyspepsia (upset stomach) high in upper gastric
1-2 hours after meals, burning feeling
if eroded clear through mucosa, food will aggravate even more, weight loss

Front 58

what are complications of ulcers?

Back 58

hemorrhage- most common, duodenal more likely to bleed

Front 59

what layers of the bowel wall does ulcerative colitis affect?

Back 59

mucosa and submucosa

Front 60

Complications to constipation

Back 60

hypertension, fecal impaction, hemorrhoids, fissures, and megacolon

Front 61

Chronic diarrhea

Back 61

persists for more than 2-3 weeks and may return sporadically

Front 62

acute diarrhea

Back 62

usually last 7-14 days

Front 63

Complications of diarrhea

Back 63

include potential for cardiac dysrhythmias because of significant fluid and electrolyte loss (especially loss of potassium)

Front 64

Irritable bowl syndrome (IBS)

Back 64

functional disorder if intestinal motility

Front 65

Irritable bowl syndrome (IBS) s/s

Back 65

alteration in bowl patterns; constipation to diarrhea or both. pain, bloating abd distension (feel better when you eat and poop)

Front 66

Malabsorption

Back 66

is the inability of the digestive system to absorb one or more of the major vitamins9 especially A and B12), miners (ie, iron and calcium)

Front 67

Malabsorption s/s

Back 67

diarrhea or frequent, loose, bulky, foul-smelling stools... have an increase fat content and are grayish

Front 68

complication from Malabsorption

Back 68

failure to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins A,D, and K causes a corresponding avitaminosis

Front 69

complications from Appendicitis

Back 69

is perforation of the appendix, which can lead to peritonitis, abscess formation (collection of purulent material)

Front 70

Rovsing's sign

Back 70

may be elicited by palpating the left lower quadrant; this paradoxically causes pain to be felt in the right lower quadrant

Front 71

Diverticular disease

Back 71

diverticulum is a saclike herniation of the lining of the bowl ( mostly in the sigmoid)

Front 72

Diverticulosis

Back 72

exists when multiple diverticula are present without inflammation or symptoms

Front 73

Diverticulitis

Back 73

results when food and bacteria retained in the diverticulum produce infection and inflammation that can impede drainage and lead to perforation or abscess formation

Front 74

Peritonitis

Back 74

is onflamation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering the viscera... caused by leakage of contents form abdominal organs into the abdominal cavity

Front 75

Peritonitis is confirmed by

Back 75

white blood count is elevated, serum electrolyte studies and an x-ray

Front 76

Duodenal ulcers S/S

Back 76

has continuous and intermittent pain
2-5 hours after meal
burning, cramping in mid-gastric pain that can radiate to back
food can help protect- acid eats food
antacids combined with H2 receptor blockers and food, weight gain