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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cholecystokinin CCK |
I cells = duodenum, jejunum Increases - pancreatic secretion, gallbladder contraction, sphincter of Oddi relaxation Decreases - gastric emptying Upregulated by fatty acids, amino acids Acts on neural muscarinic pathways -> pancreatic secretion |
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Gastrin |
G cells = Antrum of stomach Increases - gastric H secretion, growth of gastric mucosa, gastric motility Upregulated by stomach distention, alkalinisation of amino acids, peptides, vagal stimulation Down regulated by stomach ph below 1.5 Increased in ZE syndrome, by chronic PPI use Potent stimulators = phenylalanine, tryptophan |
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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide |
K cells = duodenum, jejunum Increases - insulin release Decreases - gastric H secretion Upregulated by fatty acids, amino Acids, oral glucose = GIP Gastric Inhibitory Peptide Oral glucose load used more rapidly than equivalents due to GIP Secretion |
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Motilin |
Small intestine Produces migrating motor complexes = MMCs Upregulated in fasting state Receptor agonists used o stimulate intestinal peristalsis - erythromycin |
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Secretin |
S cells = duodenum Increases - pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, bile secretion Decreases - gastric acid secretion Upregulated by acid, fatty acids in lumen and duodenum Increased bicarbonate neutralises gastric acid in duodenum - allows pancreatic enzymes to fxn |
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Somatostatin |
D cells = pancreatic islets, GI mucosa Decreases - gastric acid, pepsinogen, pancreatic fluid, SI fluid secretion, gallbladder contraction, insulin and glucagon release Upregulated by acid Down regulated by vagal stimulation Inhibitory hormone Anti growth hormone effects - inhibits digestion and absorption of substances needed for growth |
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Nitric oxide |
Increases - smooth muscle relaxation, including lower esophageal sphincter Loss of NO secretion - Increased LES tone - achlasia |
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Vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP |
ParaS ganglia in sphincters, GB, SI increases - intestinal water and electrolyte secretion, relaxation of intestinal smooth muscles and sphincters VIPoma - non alpha or beta cell pancreatic tumour - secretes VIP Watery diarrhoea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria |
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Intrinsic factor |
Parietal cells - stomach Vit B12 protein binding protein - needed for B12 uptake in terminal ileum Autoimmune destruction of P cells -> chronic gastritis + pernicious anemia |
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Gastric acid |
Parietal cells Decease stomach ph Upregulated by histamine, ACh, gastrin Down regulated by somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandin, secretin Gastrinoma = gastrin secreting tumor - causes high levels of acid secretion and ulcers - refractory to medical tx |
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Pepsin |
Chief cells - stomach Protein digestion Upregulated by vagal stimulation, local acid Inactive pepsinogen -> pepsin by H+ |
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Bicarbonate |
Mucosal cells - stomach, duodenum, salivary gland, pancreas Brunner glands - duodenum Neutralises acid Upregulated by pancreatic and biliary secretion Trapped in mucosa that covers gastric epithelium |
