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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does the face form and how would you get a cleft lip/palate?
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failure of any of the upper of the 5 facial prominences to fuse
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Why is it called a CLEFT lip?
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because the outer is the paryngeal cleft rather than the arch or pouch
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What is this?
Describe the appearance. |
grayish base with erythema around it
aphthous ulcer |
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What is the layman's term for apthous ulcer? How prevalent is it?
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canker sore (20% of people will get it)
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What is a canker sore caused by?
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Any number of things including stress and nutritional deficiency
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How do you treat aphthous ulcers?
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they go away on their own
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How likely are you to get them again?
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pretty likely
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Mnemonic for aphthous ulcer
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Little aphids in my mouth- I've totally had them in the past
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What does the grayish base represent?
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granulation tissue
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What is behcet syndrome?
Mnemonic? |
triad of aphthous ulcer uveitis, and genital ulcers
basset hound has one of them, uveitis |
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What is the cause and mechanism of behcet syndrome?
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some sort of immune vasculitis maybe to do with viral inection, but we are unsure
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Describe the appearance of oral herpes
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Red vesicles that have ruptures around the mouth resulting in shallow, painful, red ulcers
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What usually causes oral herpes?
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HSV-1 inection
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When does the initial infection of HSV-1 happen?
WHere does the virus lay dormant in? |
in childhood
hides in trigeminal ganglia (why they can be in the face!) |
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What can reactivate the HSV-1 virus?
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any decrease in immunity- sickness, stress
or sunlight |
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is this vesicle(s) ruptured?
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no, not yet
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How do peopletypically get squamous cell carcinoma of the mouch?
most common location? |
through tocacco and alcohol use
floor of mouth |
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dissesct leukoplakia and erythroplakia?
What can they indicate in the mouth? |
white and red plaque
the coming of squamous cell carcinoma as dysplasia |
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What is this? (2 possibilities)
How can you tell the difference? |
either leukoplakia or a candida albicans infection
candida albicans infection can be scraped off |
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iS LEUKOPLAKIA OR erythroplakia more indicative of a squamous dysplasia that can become a carcinoma?
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erythroplakia because this is just vascularized leukoplakia and so has more nutrients to become oncogenic
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What is this?
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oral canidiasis- scrapable
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What can you deduce about a pt i they have oral canidiasis?
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they have some sort of immuno deficiency, especially MPO Deiciency
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What is this?
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erythroplakia
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How many salivary glands do we have?
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3 pairs o major ones
thousands of minor ones |
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What is infected in mumps in the mouth?
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bilateral parotid gland infection
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What is orchitis?
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sweling and inflammation of the testes
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What other body parts can the mumps virus infect besides the salivary glands? 4
What will it cause in each? |
testes and ovaries - orchitis, oophoritis
pancreas- pancreatitis meninges- aseptic meningitis |
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Main place where mumps infects? How do you know?
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salivary glands, classic picture of mumps
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What blood finding wil you look for in mumps?
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increase amylase
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Is pancreatitis a common compliction of mumps?
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no
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picmnic pic of mumps
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Risk if teen boys gets mumps that is permanent?
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sterility from orchitis
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What percent of postpubescent males get orchitis from mumps?
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15-20%
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How is mumps spread?
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Spread through coughing, sneezing, or sharing food. It's in the saliva!
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What is the rule in pathology about what happens if you block a tube?
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you will get infection behind the block
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What is sialadentitis?
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inflammatio n of salivary glands
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What is it commonly due to? cause and microorganism?
Mnemoni? |
obstuction of a salivary gland by a stone leading to infection by staph aureus
staph is normally in the mouth |
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What is stroma tissue?
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like connective tissue
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What is a pleomorphic adenoma? dissect
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pleo-many
morphic- differnt morphologies a tumor that contains 2 or more different types of tissue that is derived from |
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What is an adeoma?
carcinoadenoma? |
adenoma means a benign tumor of glandular origin
carcino- means it has become malignant |
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Where does a pleomorphic adenoma usually happen in?
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the parotid gland
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What two kinds of tissue are usually in a pleomorphic adenoma?
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stromal catrilage and salivary gland
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What is the rate of REoccurrance of this tumor and why?
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high because it has irregular margins that an inexxperiences surgeon may not remove completely
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When would you know that a pleomorphic adenoma is carcinogenic?
rare or common? |
rare. You would start to see it affect the 7th CN that runs through the parotid (it has invaded through the BM)
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1st aid on pleomorphic adenomas.
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Pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed tumor) is the most common salivary gland tumor.
Presents as a painless, mobile mass. It is composed of chondromyxoid stroma and epithelium and recurs if incompletely excised or ruptured intraoperatively. |
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Why is it painlesss?
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because it doesn't invade other tissues as an adenoma
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Give 2 generalizations about the carcigenicity and location of salivary gland tumors?
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they are benign and happen in the parotid gland
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Why do they tend to happen in the parotid>
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this is the lllast gland to separate from stromal tissue
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Describe a Warthin tumor.
Mnmonic> |
benign tumorof parotid gland that has abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers.
They are preparing soldiers and germinating new soldiers for WAR |
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What is a mucoepidermoid carcinoma?
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a malignant tumor of the parotid gland composed of mucous and epithelial cells.
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How does it present differently than the benign salivary tumors?
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it will affect motility of the face right away since it is malignant. CN7
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most common benign and malignant tumor of the salivary glands?
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benign- plomorphic adenoma
malignant- mucoepithelial carcinoma |
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What condition would arise in esophageal atresia in the womb?
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polyhydraminos because baby can't swallow amniotic fluid
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What is this?
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esophgeal web
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What happens histoloically to make an esophgeal web?
Most common location along the esophagus? |
there is anextension of the mucosa of the esophagus
usualy in upper esophagus |
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What is the risk with an esophagus?
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dysphagia and choking with poorly chewed food
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Triad of Plummer Vinson syndrome?
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1. esophgeal webs crating dyaphagia
2. glossitis 3. iron deficient anemia |
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What does a tongue with plummer vinson look like?
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shiny, red and without all of it's
"beefy, red tongue" just like the glass tongue |
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Why does the tongue look beefy red?
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because it lost much of it's covering, making it smooth and uncovering the red vessels underneath
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How does one get plummer vinsson syndrome?
demographic. |
usually happen to post menopausal women and we don't know why. It may have to do with nutritional imbalance.
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What is this? Where are we?
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above the UES.where the pharynx meets the esophagus posteriorly
Zenker's diverticula |
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Is Zenker's a true or false diverticula?
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false
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3 sx of zenker's diverticula and explain why.
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1. dysphagia- food can get trapped
2. obstruction- a lot of food can get trapped 3. halitosis- trapped food festers |
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What is the main complaint of Zenker's inlayman's terms?
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I feel like I have something stuck in the back of my throat
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Main demographic for Zenker's
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old men
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compare main complaint and demographic for Zenker's and Plummer Vinson.
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Plummer Vinsson- Middle aged Women- my tongue feels like it is on fire
Zenker's- old men- there is something stuck in the back of my throat |
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What two demographics are pront to mallory-weiss or borhaave;s syndrome?
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people who vomit a lot
bulimics and alcoholics |
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How can you look just on physical exam to distinguish between borhaave's and mallory-weiss?
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see if they have rice crispies subcutaneous emphysema- this mean borhavve;s syndrome because it leaks air into the thorax
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What are two qualities of the vomiting that comes with BH and MW syndromes?
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bloody and painful
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What is the lead cause of death in cirrhosis patients?
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rupture of esophageal varices
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What are the 2 qualities of the vomit in esophgeal varices?
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painless and bloody
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Why are esophgeal varices painless>
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because the veins are very close to the surface o don't need to tear through nerves.
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What about cirrhosis makes any bleed more dangerous?
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you have a coagulopathy because your liver isn't making caog factors to help seal bleeds
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dissect a-chalasia?
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a- without
chalasia- relaxation |
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What plexus is affected in achalasia?
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myenteric
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How do you get achalasia?
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either primary idiopathic
or secondary to Chagas disease |
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besides not being able to relax the LES, what other motility problems arise with achalasia?
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disordered esophgeal peristalsis
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How is the dysphagia in achalasia different than other dysphagias?
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it is so tight that you have dysphagia to solids AND liquids
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What does the esophagus look like in achalasia?
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massive dilation ending in a bird's beak
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In between what layers in the myentericc plexus located?
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between the circular and longitudinal layers
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alternate name for myenteric plexus?
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auerbach's plexus
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How might the odor of the breath of a person with achalasia seem like?
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putrid because food is sitting there and rotting
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What is the LES pressure on manometry in achalasia? Why?
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high
there is lack of relaxation and it is under a lot of food |
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what is a hiatal hernia?
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any hernia of the stomach that goes through the diaphragm
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What may you hear upon auscultating the chest of someone with a hiatal hernia?
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intestinal sounds
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What kind of respiratory sxs would you see with GERD? Why? 2
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cough- stimuation of vagus
adult onset asthma- irrtation of esophagus goes to the airways (aspiration?) |
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What kind of sx would you get in your mouth from GERD/
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degradation of enamel due to acid
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2 later complications with GERD
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strictures and Barrett;s
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Why do you get strictures?
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because you ulcerate through the mucosa, which makes you lose the stem cells. the only way to heal is with fibrosis
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What is this famous picture of?
describe the transition |
barret's
nonkeratinized stratified squamous to nonciliated columnar epithelia with goblet cells |
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What are the two types of carcinoma is the esophagus? Why these two?
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adenocarcinoma- glands
squamous cell carcinoma- epithelia carcinomas can only be glands or epithelia. Esophagus naturally has squamous epithelial, but it can get glands if it becomes dysplastic into barrett's |
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Where are you most likely o get an adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and why?
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lower 1/3rd of esophagus because Barrett's is the leading cause of it in the west
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according to pathoma, does the esophagus have innate glands?
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no
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is adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma more common?
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squamous cell carcinoma is more common worldwide
adenocarcinoma more common in US |
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Why is adenocarcinom more common in the US?
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because we are more obese, causing more GERD
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Where are you most likely to get squamous cell carcinoma?
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upper and middle esophagus
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Causeof squamous cell carcinoma is a nutshell?
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irritation of the esophagus
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give couple examples of everyday things that can irritate the esophgus?
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smoking, drinking, drinking hot teas
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what is probably the reason why I felt like I couldn't breath whenever I smoked?
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smoke irritate epithelial lining, causing the airways and nasal passages to swell
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What types of esophageal pathologies can cause squamous cell carcinoma? Why?
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anything that causes food to sit and rot and irritate the mucosa.
achalasia, zenker's, plummer vinson |
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3 big sx of any kind of esophgeal cancer
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progressive dysphasia as the cancer grows
weight loss cough/hoarseness- can irritate the throat or affect the recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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define progressive aphasia and why it happens?
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first you have trouble swalloing solids, then liquids
happens because the obstruction gets bigger |
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WHat lymph nodes drain and thus metastasize each 1/3 of the esophagus?
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upper- cervical
middle- medistinal or trancheobronchial lower- celiac and gastric |
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Who gets duodenal atresia and why?
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people with down syndrome becaise their dupdenums didn't canalize properly
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What are 3 signs of duodenal atresia?
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1. bilious vmiting
2. polyhydraminos 3. double bubble sign |
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explain each
1. bilious vmiting 2. polyhydraminos 3. double bubble sign |
1. bilious vmiting- still has duodenal papilla and backing up of food
2. polyhydraminos- can't swallow amniotic fluid much 3. double bubble sign- any duodenal obstruction causes this |
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what is the purpose of the vitelline duct and when does it involute?
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provides nutrients to the midgut.
involutes at 7th week of gestation |
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What would you feel in a person with mecke;'s and where?
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a small tough thing that feels like a piece of stool at the umbiicus
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What would you call it if you had menconium coming out of the belly button?
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vitelline fistula
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How prevalent of Meckel's diverticulum?
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in 2% of the populaton (most common congentital anomaly)
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Define volvulus
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twisting of a part of the intestines along it's mesentary
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2 tragic results of a volvulus
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1. blood supply cut off
2. intestinal obstruction |
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Most comon location of volvulus in young adults vs elderly?
Mnemonic? |
elderly- sigmoid- they have had many more poops so this hangs loose
young adult- cecum |
