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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gastrin is made in the...
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G cells of the antrum of the stomach
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Cholecystokinin is made in the...
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I cells of the duodenum and jejunum
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Secretin is made in the...
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S cells of the duodenum
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Somatostatin is made in the...
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D cells of the pancreatic islets and GI mucosa
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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)) is made in the...
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K cells of the duodenum and jejunum
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Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is made in the...
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Parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder, and small intestine
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Motilin is made in the...
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Small intestine
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Intrinsic factor is made in the...
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Parietal cells of the stomach
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Gastric acid is made in the...
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Parietal cells of the stomach
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Pepsin is made in the...
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Chief cells of the stomach
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HCO3- is made in the...
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Mucosal cells (stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas) and Brunner's glands of the duodenum
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What is the action of gastrin?
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Inc. gastric acid secretion through effects on ECL cells, leading to histamine release
Inc. growth of gastric mucosa Inc. gastric motility |
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Gastrin release is increased by?
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Stomach distension and alkalinization, amino acids, and vagal stimulation
Phenylalanine and tryptophan are POTENT stimulators |
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Gastrin release is inhibited by?
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Stomach pH < 1.5
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What GI hormone is incresed in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
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Gastrin
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What is the action of cholecystokinin?
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Inc. secretion of pancreatic enzymes
Inc. gallbladder contraction Inc. sphincter of Oddi relaxation Dec. gastric emptying |
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Cholecystokinin release is increased by?
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Fatty acids and amino acids
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How does cholecystokinin cause pancreatic secretions?
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Acts on neural muscarinic pathways
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What is the action of secretin?
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Inc. pancreatic HCO3- release... (Increasing pancreatic secretion flow leads to increased HCO3- content... exchanged with Cl- to remain an isotonic solution)
Inc. bile secretion Dec. gastric acid secretion |
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Secretin release is increased by?
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Acid and fatty acids in the lumen of the duodenum
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What is the action of somatostatin?
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Dec. gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion
Dec. pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion Dec. gallbladdes contraction Dec. insulin and glucagon release |
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Somatostatin release is increased by?
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Acid
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Somatostatin release is inhibited by?
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Vagal stimulation
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What are the actions of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (aka gastric inhibitory peptide)?
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Exocrine - Dec. gastric acid secretion
Endocrine - Inc. insulin release |
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Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide release is increased by?
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Fatty acids, amino acids, and oral glucose
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Because of the actions of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, what can be said about oral glucose vs. IV glucose?
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An oral glucose load will be used more rapidly than the equivalent given by IV
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What are the actions of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide?
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Inc. intestinal water and electrolyte secretion
Inc. relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters Dec. gastric acid production |
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VIP release is increased by?
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Distension and vagal stimulation
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VIP release is inhibited by?
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Adrenergic input
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What is a VIPoma?
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A non-alpha, non-beta islet cell pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP. Results in copious diarrhea -
"pancreatic cholera" |
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How does NO affect the GI tract?
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Increases relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
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What will an absence in the production of NO in the GI tract cause?
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Achalasia
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What is the activity of motilin?
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Produces migrating motor complexes (MMC's)
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Motilin release is increased by?
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Fasting state
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What are motilin receptor agonists useful for?
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Stimulating intestinal peristalsis
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What is the action of intrinsic factor?
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Functions as a vitamin B12 binding protein - required for eventual vitamin B12 uptake in the terminal ileum)
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What is the action of gastric acid?
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Decreases stomach pH
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Gastrin release is increased by?
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Histamine, ACh, gastrin
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Gastrin release is inhibited by?
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Somatostatin, GIP, prostaglandins, secretin
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What is a gastrinoma?
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Gastrin-secreting tumor that causes continuous high levels of acid secretion and ulcers
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What is the action of pepsin?
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Protein digestion
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Pepsin release is increased by?
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Vagal stimulation and local acid
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How is pepsinogen converted to pepsin?
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H+
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What is the action of HCO3-?
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Neutralizes acid
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HCO3- release is increased by?
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pancreatic and biliary secretion with secretin
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