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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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describe the musculature of the esophagus
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upper third- striated muscle
lower two-thirds- smooth muscle |
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what type of cells make up the mucosal layer of the esophagus?
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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an abnormal change (metaplasia) in the cells of the lower end of the esophagus caused by chronic acid exposure
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Barret's Esophagus
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this condition may be a precursor to adenocarcinoma
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Barrett’s esophagus
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what do you suspect with a new onset of dysphagia in a patient > 40 yrs of age
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Esophageal CA
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what is TNM classification
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Used for tumor staging:
Tumor Nodes Metastatic |
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What does Stage IV TNM classification indicate?
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The tumor has spread
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This is severe muscle spasm with marked amplitude but normal LES sphincter tone
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Nutcracker esophagus
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what is the treatment for esophageal spasms?
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Nitrates
Calcium channel blockers |
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this disease is characterized by excessive deposits of collagen in the skin or other organs
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Scleroderma
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A web + iron def anemia + women=
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome
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A symmetrical, submucosal fibrous thickening occurring at the LES junction
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Schatzki’s ring
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what is water brash?
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clear non regurgitated oral salivary secretions in the mouth from vagal reflex
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what are some etiologies of GERD?
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Incompetent LES sphincter (most common)
Hiatal hernias Delays in gastric emptying time |
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Name some aggravating factors of GERD
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High fat & spicy food, caffeine & chocolate, bending over or lying down, ETOH intake, nocturnal eating, smoking, emotions and obesity medications (prednisone, antibiotics )
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What are the typical symptoms of GERD?
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Heart burn
Regurgitation Water brash |
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What are the atypical symptoms of GERD?
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Chest pain
Cough Laryngitis |
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what are some laboratory Tests for GERD?
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Xrays:Barium swallow
Upper endoscopy 24 hr esophageal pH monitor (pH goes <4) |
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T/F ALL GERD MUST BE CONSIDERED CARDIAC UNTIL PROVEN OTHERWISE
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TRUE
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which drugs reduce LES tone?
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Anticholinergics
Nitrates Ca channel blockers BC pills |
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which drugs increase LES tone?
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Gastrin
Cholinergics |
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This occurs when part of the stomach lies within the thoracic cavity above the diaphragm
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Hiatal Hernia
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This results from prolonged and forceful vomiting, coughing or convulsions
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Mallory-Weiss Tears
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How do you treat fungal infections?
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Miconazole
Imidazole Clotrimazole lozenges Ketoconazole Amphtericin B |
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This disease involves an enlargement of the colon, caused by bowel obstruction resulting from absent enteric nerves in colon
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Hirschsprung's disease, or congenital aganglionic megacolon
May be a cause of constipation |
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Trypanosoma cruzi causes?
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Chaga's disease: can be a cause of constipation
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what study do you do in patients with suspected colonic obstruction?
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colonoscopy or barium enema
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severe constipation resulting from an obstruction in the intestines
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Obstipation
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