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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the overall effects of insulin?
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-promotes uptake of glucose into muscles and adipose tissue
-promotes storage of Glucose-->glycogen Glucose-->FA FA-->trigylcerides |
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What are the overall effects of glucagon?
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-promotes conversion of glycogen-->glucose
-promotes gluconeogenesis -promotes release of FA from adipose -promotes FA oxidation |
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How are the blood levels of glucagon regulated?
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1) released due to decrease in blood glucose
2) release is prevented via insulin |
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How are the blood levels of insulin regulated?
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1) release due to increase in blood glucose
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What cell type produces insulin, where are they found?
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B-cells of pancrease
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What cell types produce glucagon, where are they found?
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A-cells of pancreas
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What things are released due to decrease in blood glucose and from where?
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-release glucagon from A-cells
-release epinephrine from adrenal gland -epinephrine stimulates further release of glucagon from A-cells |
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What does insulin inhibit?
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1) secretion of glucagon from A-cells
2) glucagon gene transcription |
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What does glucagon trigger the synthesis of?
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cAMP
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What organs have glucagon receptors
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-liver and adipose, NOT IN MUSCLE
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What does cAMP activate? How so?
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PKA by binding to and removing it's regulatory subunit from the catalytic subunits
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What does PDE do?
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breakdown cAMP
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On what receptors does epinephrine act?
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muscle, liver,adipose
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What receptor type is used by glucagon and epinephrine and what is the downstream molecule?
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G-protein, adenlyl cyclase
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How is PDE regulated?
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-PDE must be phosphorylated to be active
-two molecules phosphorylate PDE 1) insulin activated kinase 2) active PKA buildup |
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What initiates metabolic signals and how are they turned off? (in general)
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phosphorylation via PKA activates metabolic signals which are turned off via dephosphorylation
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What are AKAPs?
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PKA Anchoring proteins
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What are the structural features of phosphoprotein phosphatases?
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Contain:
1) constant catalytic subunit 2)variable regulatory subunit -regulate activity -direct cell location via anchoring proteins |
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What type of residues do PPPs and PKAs work on?
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serine and threonine
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How is phosphoprotein phosphatase activated?
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via insulin activated kinases which phosphorolate the regulatory subunit of PPP making it active
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How is phosphoprotein phosphotase deactivated?
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Phosphoprotein phosphatase inhibitors bind to the PPPs to inactivate them
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How can the PPP inhibitor be stopped?
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by PPP which dehosphorylates the PPP inhibitor
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How is PPP inhibitor turned on? What's its overall general function?
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It is turned on due to increasing cAMP levels which cuase PPPinhibitor to become phosphorylated.
The function is to enhance the glucagon signal |
