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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A hollow tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
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Ailmentery canal
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What gaurds the psotierior margin of the mouth (oral avity)?
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The tonsils
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A muscular tube that provides the passageway for both food and air.
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Pharynx
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A muscular tube that completes the passageway from the phernyx to the stomach.
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Esophagus
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The C shaped organ located on the left side of the abdoment beneath the diaphram.
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Stomach
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As food travels through the stomach it first enters through the ________ and exits the stomach into the small intestine through the _____________.
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Cardioesophageal sphincter
Pyloric sphincter |
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Which oblique layer of the stomach allows it to perform the mixing or churning movements?
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The third oblique layer
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Gastric Glands produce
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HCL acid, Pepsin, rennin, mucus, gastrin and intrinsic factor.
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What is the function of the mucus that it produces?
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It is used to protect the stomach itself from getting digested.
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what suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall?
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The mesentery
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what are the subdivisions of the small intestine?
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duodenum, jejunum,and ileum
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what two functions are completed in the small itnestine?
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Digestion and absorption
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T or F
Pancreatic juices and bile enter the duodenum through a sphincter at the distal ind of the bile duct. |
True
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What three differnt structures increase the surface area of the small intestines?
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Microvilli, villi, and circular folds
(plicae circulares) |
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What is the frame for the small intestine?
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The large intestine
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what are the corresponding subdivisions of the large intestine?
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Cecum, appendix, acending, transverse and decending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and the anal canal.
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the large intestine delivers delivers undigested food residue (feces) to __________.
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The exterior of the body
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What are the three pairs of salivary glands?
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Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
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What does saliva contain?
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Serous fluids, and mucous
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What else is contained in the serous component of saliva?
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Salivary amylase
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haw many sets of teeth are formedin a life span?
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two
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What are the set of teeth that are developed started at 6 months and are lost by the age of twelve?
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Deciduous teeth (milk teeth)
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How many decidous teeth are there total?
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20 teeth
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How may teeth are developed perrmanently?
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32 teeth
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What are the three accesory organs that duct substances in the ailmentry tube?
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Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
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Soft gland that lies in the mesentery between the stomach and the small intestine?
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Pancreas
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The four lobed organ that over lies the stomach.
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Liver
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Muscular sac that stores and concentrates the bile.
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Gallbaladder
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What contains the enzymes which can digest all catagories of food in a alkaline fluid.
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Pancreatic Juice
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what is the livers digestive function and what does it duct what it produces into?
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produces bile and ducts it into the small intestine
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what are the corresponding subdivisions of the large intestine?
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Cecum, appendix, acending, transverse and decending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and the anal canal.
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the large intestine delivers delivers undigested food residue (feces) to __________.
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The exterior of the body
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What are the three pairs of salivary glands?
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Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.
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What does saliva contain?
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Serous fluids, and mucous
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What else is contained in the serous component of saliva?
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Salivary amylase
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haw many sets of teeth are formedin a life span?
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two
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What are the set of teeth that are developed started at 6 months and are lost by the age of twelve?
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Deciduous teeth (milk teeth)
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How many decidous teeth are there total?
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20 teeth
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How may teeth are developed perrmanently?
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32 teeth
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What are the three accesory organs that duct substances in the ailmentry tube?
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Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder
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Soft gland that lies in the mesentery between the stomach and the small intestine?
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Pancreas
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The four lobed organ that over lies the stomach.
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Liver
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Muscular sac that stores and concentrates the bile.
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Gallbaladder
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What contains the enzymes which can digest all catagories of food in a alkaline fluid.
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Pancreatic Juice
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what is the livers digestive function and what does it duct what it produces into?
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produces bile and ducts it into the small intestine
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bile backs up into the cystic duct into the gallbladder when?
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fat digestion is not occuring
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What are the building blocks of the carbohydrates?
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Simple sugars or monosacchrides
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What are the building blocks of protiens are
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amino acids
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Building block of fats or lipids are?
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Faty acids and glycerol
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what are the two ways that food is brokendown in the mouth?
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Mechanical and chemical
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What is contained in the saliva that helps to bind food together in a bolus?
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Mucus
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salivary amylase begins the chemical break down of
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Starches
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What causes saliva to be secreted in the mouth?
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mechanical pressure, food in the mouth and psychic stimuli
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what are the two phases of swallowing?
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Buccal& pharyngeal-esophogeal phases
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voluntary swallowing which utilizes the toungue to push the bolus into the pharynx
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Buccal swallowing phase
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Involuntary swallowing that involves the closing of ofthe nasal and respiratory passages which allows conduction of the food to the stomach through the esophagus via peristalsis
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Pharangeal - esophageal swallowing
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When food enters the stomach how is gastric secretion stimulated?
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By gastrin as wellas vagal nerve stimulation
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What activates the protein digesting enzyme pepsin?
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Hydrochloric acid
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Movement of chyme into the small intestine is controlled by the
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enterogastric reflex
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Chemical digestions of fats, protiens and carbs are completed in the
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Small intestine
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What two types of enzymes assist this process?
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Intestinal enzymes
Pancreatic enzymes |
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what is the purpose for the alkaline pancreatic juice?
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It neutrulizes the acid chyme and allows for the proper environment for the digestive enzymes to be effective
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Both _____________ and ___________ are needed for fat breakdown and absorption
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Pancreatic juice
Bile |
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What is the only source of lipases?
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Pancreatic juice
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The fat emulsifier
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Bile
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Horemones that are produced by the small intestine stimulate the release of bile and pancreatic Juice
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Cholecystokinin
Secretin |
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the movement that mixes food
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Segmental movements
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movement that moves foodstuffs along the small intestine
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Peristalic movement
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Mostly occurs by actyive transport into the capillary blood of the villi
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nutrient absorption
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Fats are absorbed by ______ into both capillary blood and lacteals in the villi.
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diffusion
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Recieves the bacteria laden indigestible food residue.
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Large intestine
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What vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine?
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Vit K
Vit B |
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what two other substances are absorbed in the large itnestine?
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Water and salts
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refelx that is intiated once the feces is deliversd to the rectum through peristalsis and mass peristalsis
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Defication reflex
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Most foods are useful as they form ATP except for
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Protiens
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substance in food that is used to promote growth, maitenence an repair of the body
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Nutrients
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what are the major nutrients of the body?
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Lipids, carbs, protiens
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What are needed in minute amounts by the body?
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Vitamins and minerals
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what are found in plants such as fruits and veggies that is needed in our diet?
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Carbs (sugars and starches)
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Eggs, milk, meats, poulty and fish are good sources of
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Protein
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Found in meats, dairy products and vegetable oils
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dietary lipids
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these function as coenzymes in the body and are found mainly in fruits, vegetables and milk
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Vitamins
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a mineral that is important for bone building, clotting of blood and secretory activites.
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Calcium
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includes all catabolic and anabolic neededto maintain Life
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Metabolism
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what is the bodies major energy fuel?
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Glucose
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When glucose is oxidized what is formed?
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CO2 H2O and ATP
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What state causes glucose to be stored as glycogen or converted to fat?
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hyperglycemia
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In hypoglycemia, what three processes occur to restore normal blood glucose levels?
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Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenisis and fat breakdown
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what do fats do?
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They protect the organs, insulate the body, build cell structures such as myelin sheaths and membranes and provide energy
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fats are oxideized to prduce ATP when what is not available?
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Carbohydrates
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where are the fats stored?
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Subcutaneous tissue and other fat depots
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exsessive fat breakdown will cause the blood to become
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acidic
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what forms the bulk of the cell structure and most fuctional molecules?
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Protiens
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what is a essential amino acid?
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Those that cannot be made by the body cells
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When are ammino acids oxidized to from ATP?
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When other fuel sources are not available
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What substance is released as the amino acids are catabolized?
Where is it detoxified? What does it bind with? What does that form? |
Ammonia
the liver cells CO2 Urea |
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How does the liver maintaimn hhomeostasis of blood glucose?
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Glycogenisis
Glycogenolysis gluconeogenisis |
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Where do the liver cells remove the nutirients from?
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Hepatic portal blood
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what does the cells of the liver make and release into the blood?
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blood protiens (albumin)
Cholesterol clotting protiens lipoprotiens |
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What is the process of glycogenesis?
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glucose molecules are removed from blood and combined to form large polysachride molecules called glycogen, which is then stored in the liver
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what is the process of glycogenolysis
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the liver begins to break down the stored glycogenthrough glycogen splitting. this occurs as the glucose level in the blood drops
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What does gluconeogenesis mean and what is its process
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It means formation of new sugar
The liver is able if nessesary to make glucose from non carb substacnes such as fats and protiens |
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what three hormones are vitally important foer controlling the blood sugar levels and handling glucose?
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Thyroxine, insulin, glucose
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What is the most abundant protein in the blood that holds fluids in the blood stream?
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Albumin
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What occurs if there are insufficent amounts of albumin?
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Fluid leaves the blood strewam and occupies the tissue spaces causing edema
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what transports fats and cholesterol in the blood?
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Lipoprotiens
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What is the function of the LDL?
WHat is the function of the HDL? |
Transport cholesterol to the body cells
Transport cholesterol away to the liver for degradation |
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T or F
Cholesterol can be used for energy |
False
Cholesterol is used for making certain molecules as well as structural purposes but not for energy |
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This type of food after oxidation yields 4 kcals/gram
This type of food after oxidation yields 9 kcals/gram |
Carbs and protiens
Fats |
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Total amount of energy that is used when one is at rest
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Basal metabolic rate
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number of calories used by the body to acomplish all daily activities
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Total metabolic rate
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When does the TMR increase
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When muscular activity increases
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When the TMR = the amount of calories that are taken in then the weight of the body remains
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Constant
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What factors are involved in total energy output?
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Heat
work energy storage |
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when foods are catabolized to form ATP, what percentage of th energy is released to warm the body?
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Over sixty percent
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What intiates the het loos or heat promoting processes of the body to maintain body temprature in normal body limits?
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Hypothalmus
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WHat are the common congentital defects involving the Gi system which interfere with normal nutrition?
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Cleft palate
cleft lip tracheoesophogeal fistula |
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WHat are the common inborn errors of metabolism?
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Phenylketonurea
Cystic Fibrosis |
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What gastrointestinal cancers appear with increasing frequency in the ederly?
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Gastrointestinal cancer and colon caner
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How does CF affect the Gi system?
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Huge amounts of mucus is producesd which blocks the pancratic duct preventing the pancreatic fluid from reaching the small itnestine cuasing fats and fat soluble vitamins to not be absorbed
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How does PKU affect the GI system?
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involvesthe innabilty of the tissue cells to use phenylalanine which is a amino acid that is present in all protien foods
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Hormone that is secreted by the stomach when stimulated by the presence of food; it stimulates the release of gastric juice, mobility of the small intestine and relaxes the ileocecal valve
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Gastrin
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Secreted by the stomach when there is food present; activates the parital cells to secrete hydrochloric acid
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Histamine
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secresed in the stomach when there is food present; inhibits the secretion of gastric juice and pancreatic juice; inhibits emptying of the stomach and the gallbladder
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Somatostatin
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IN the duodenum is stimulated to secrete by acidic chyme and partailly digested foods; increases the output of pancreatic juices rich in bicarb, increases bile output by liver, inhibits gastric mobility and gastric gland secretion.
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Secretin
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Secreted in doudenum when there is fatty chyme and partially digested food present; Increses the output of enzyme rich pancreatic juices; Stimulates the gallbladder to expel more bile;
relaxes the sphincter o the doudenal papilla to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum |
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Secreted in the duodenum when there is fatty chyme present; inhibits the gastruic mobility and secretion of gastric juice
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Gastric inhibitory peptide
(GIP) |
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what converts pepsinogen to pepsin which is the active protien digesting enzyme?
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hydrochloric acid
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Rennin which is the second protien digesting enzyme that is produced by the stomach in large amounts as we are infants, works primarily on what protiens?
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Milk protiens
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what cranial nerves are involved in the saliva reflex?
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V IX
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what do the chief cells produce?
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Pepsinogens
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What do the praital cells produce?
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Hydorchloric acid
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What is needed for the absorbtion of B12?
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Intrinsic factor
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what cells produce gastrin?
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Enteroedocrine cells
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where does most of the digestive activity occur?
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Pyloric region of the stomach
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