Gi, Adrenal, Lymph Node, Bladder, Spleen

Front 1

what is the part of the adrenal gland that secretes aldosterone?

Back 1

the glomerulosa

Front 2

are adrenal glands intraperitoneal, or retroperitoneal>

Back 2

retroperitoneal

Front 3

where is the adrenal gland located?

Back 3

in the preirenal space

Front 4

what is the medial umbilicle ligament a fetal remanat of?

Back 4

the urachus

Front 5

what is the relationship btw the rt adrenal gland and the diaphragmantic crus?

Back 5

the crus is superior the rt adrenal gland.

Front 6

Does gerotas fascia enclose the adrenal glands?

Back 6

yes

Front 7

what is the relationship btw adrenal glands and the kidneys?

Back 7

Adrenal glands are anterior and medail to the kidneys

Front 8

what courses btw the pancreas and lt adrenal gland?

Back 8

the splenic artery and vein

Front 9

what are the landmarks to finding the adrenal gland

Back 9

liver, ivc, crus of diaphragm

Front 10

when looking at the caudate love in transverse, which direction do you angle to see the rt adrenal?

Back 10

inferior

Front 11

compare the echogenicity of the adrenal cortex compared to the kidney?

Back 11

The adrenal cortex is hypoechoic to the medulla of the kidney

Front 12

What is the relationship btw the bladder and prostate?

Back 12

the bladder is cephalic to the prostate

Front 13

is the bladder intraperitoneal?

Back 13

no

Front 14

What are the 5 sonographic layers of the bowel, and their echogenicity?

Back 14

-Fluid/mucosal interface(echogenic)
-Mucosal, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa(hypoechoic)
-Submucosa(echogenic)
-Muscularis propria(hypoechoic)
-Serosa(echogenic)

Front 15

What are the 4 sections of the stomach?

Back 15

fundus, pyloruc antrum, body, pylorsu

Front 16

what is the gastroesophageal junction.

Back 16

junction between the stomach and the esophagus. Sonographically appears as a bullseye and is seen posterior to the LT lobe and anterior to the AOrta

Front 17

What is the maximum wall thickness of a disteded stomach, small bowel, and appendix?

Back 17

3mm

Front 18

what should you do if your patient has a cystic structure in the lt upper quadrant and you are unsure whether or not it is the stomach?

Back 18

drink water

Front 19

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

Back 19

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Front 20

what are peyers patches?

Back 20

secondary lymphoid organs found on the ileum of the small intestine

Front 21

describe the 4 parts of the duodenum, and which are intra/retreperitoneal?

Back 21

1st-intra-passes rt, up and back
2nd-retro-extends downward
3rd-retro-passes to the lt
4th-intra-body of pancreas is superior

Front 22

what is the keyboard sign?

Back 22

valvae conventes

Front 23

what is the maximum diameter for small bowel?

Back 23

3 cm

Front 24

what is the maximum allowed diameter of the appendix?

Back 24

6 mm

Front 25

decribe the technique to find the appendix

Back 25

follow asceding colon down to the cecum in trx, and use compression technique to look for appendix medially off the cecum

Front 26

descibe the course and anatomical names of the large intestine.

Back 26

cecum
-ascending colon-extends from the cecum to the hepatic flexure
-trx colon-hepatic flexure to splenic flexure
-descending colon-splenic flexure to sigmoid colon
-sigmoid colon-extends to rectum
-rectum-sigmoid colon to anus

Front 27

what are haustral folds?

Back 27

folds that appear as echogenic "air bumps" in the colon

Front 28

what is the maximum allowed wall thickness in a distended colon?

Back 28

5mm-distended

Front 29

what is the maximum alle=owed wall thickness of an undistended colon?

Back 29

9 mm

Front 30

where is the spleen in relation to peritoneum

Back 30

covered by it

Front 31

Where is the diaphragm in relation to the spleen?

Back 31

superior and posterior to the spleen

Front 32

where si the lt kidney in relation to the spleen?

Back 32

lt kidney s inferior and posterior to the spleen

Front 33

where is the desceding colon in relation to the spleen?

Back 33

descending colon is inferior to the spleen

Front 34

where is the stomach in relationship to the spleen

Back 34

the stomach is medial and anterior to the spleen

Front 35

where is the lesser sac in relation to spleen?

Back 35

the lesser sac is anterior to the spleen

Front 36

which 4 ligaments are responsile for keeping the spleen in ts place? Explain them

Back 36

Gastrosplenic-greater curve to medial splee
Splenorenal-spleen to posterior abdomenal wall
splenocolic-spleen to trx colon
phrenicolic-colon to diaphragm

Front 37

Describe the size and shape of the spleen, and how it changes with age.

Back 37

-crescent shaped
-12x8x4
-gets smaller with age
-increases in size after digestion

Front 38

what is the function of the capsule of the spleen?

Back 38

covers the spleen and is reflected as scheeaths at the hilum

Front 39

what is the funciton of the hilum of the spleen?

Back 39

contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics. This is where the tail of the pancreas sits

Front 40

what is the funciton of the trabeculae of the spleen

Back 40

small fibrous bands given off y sheaths. They constitute the skeleton of the spleen

Front 41

what is the funciton of the white pulp of the spleen?

Back 41

contral in the spleen and composed mainly of lyphocytes which function in immunity

Front 42

what is the funciton of the red pulp of the spleen?

Back 42

outer region. Red blood cell and platelet destruction.

Front 43

What are 4 functions of the spleen?

Back 43

-Blood reservoir
-red blood cell and platelet destruction by macrophages
-lymphocyte manufacture
-heatopeietic functions-make red blood cells in the 5-6th month of fetal life

Front 44

Describe some sonographic difficulties which may be encountered in sonographic demenstration of the spleen, and suggest some ways of overcoming tehse difficulties?

Back 44

-liver mistaken for a mass , subcapsular hematoma, or subphrenic abcess
-tail may look like a mass in the hilum of the spleen
-fluid in stomach may look like intrasplenic fluid

Front 45

what is normal echogenicity of the spleen?

Back 45

hyperechoic to theliver
hyperechoic to the lt kidney

Front 46

what is the splenic volumetric index?

Back 46

SVI=LxWxH/27 it is used when patients are expected to reture for serial scans

Front 47

what is an accessory spleen?

Back 47

splenic tissue found separate fromt the organ(usually at the splenic hilum). Appears sonographically the same as splenic tissue.

Front 48

Where is the right adrenal gland compared to the crus of the diaphragm.

Back 48

lateral

Front 49

where is the right adrenal gland comared to the IVC?

Back 49

Lateral

Front 50

where is the right adrenal gland comared to the right kidney?

Back 50

SAM

Front 51

where is the right adrenal gland comared to the right lobe of the liver?

Back 51

posterior

Front 52

where is the left adrenal gland compared to the lesser sac?

Back 52

posterior

Front 53

where is the left adrenal gland compared to the pancreas?

Back 53

posterior and lateral

Front 54

where is the left adrenal gland compared to the kidney?

Back 54

SAM

Front 55

where is the left adrenal gland compared to the crus?

Back 55

lateral

Front 56

What are the 2 parts of an adrenal gland?

Back 56

cortex and medulla

Front 57

what are the 3 layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland, and what hormones do they secrete?

Back 57

zona glomerulosa-moneralcourticoids(aldosterone)
zona fasciculata-glucocorticoids(steroids)
reticularis-sex hormones(adrogens)

Front 58

What does the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete?

Back 58

epinephrine and nor-epinephrine

Front 59

what is the normal sonographic apprearance of the adult adrenal?

Back 59

hypoechoic with a echogenic strip in the middle

Front 60

list the vairous components of the lymphatic system

Back 60

tonsills
thymus
lyph nodes
lymphatic vessels
liver
spleen
peyers patches
bone marrow

Front 61

how does the lymphatic sytem tie in with the cardiovasular sytem?

Back 61

lymphatic vessels pick up fluid that is leaked out of capillaries. This fluid is drained via the thoracic or right duct into the sublavian veins, and eventually to the heart.

Front 62

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 62

-maintian homostasis
-digest fatty acids(small intestine)
-produce lymphocytes
-remove debris, and organisms

Front 63

descrive a normal lymph node and how it is cnnected the lymphatic vessels

Back 63

encapsulated, bean-shaped organ that have lyphatic vessels entering on the convex side(afferent), and efferent vessels leaving on the concave side.

Front 64

Describe the sonographic criteria for caling a lymph node normal

Back 64

parynchma is hypoechoic
hilum is echogenic
less than l cm
smooth contour

Front 65

what do t-cells, an b-cells do?

Back 65

t-cells-destroy invaders, and are located in the cortex
b-cells-create antiodies and are found throughout the node
-

Front 66

Where is the bladder in relation to the prostate?

Back 66

superior

Front 67

Where is the bladder in relation to the uterus?

Back 67

anterior

Front 68

Where is the bladder in relation to the symphysis

Back 68

posterior

Front 69

is the bladder intra/retroperitoneal?

Back 69

retro

Front 70

Describe the medial umbilical ligament, it's location and purpose

Back 70

The medial umbilical ligament is the fetal remnanat of the urachus. It is the superior liganment of the ladder and helps held the bladder in position

Front 71

What is the bladder trigone? Describe its location?

Back 71

Smooth area on the posterior aspect of the bladder floor where the ureters enter posteriorly, and the urethra leaves anteriorly.

Front 72

Desceibe the nomal bladder's sonographic appearance includng wall, ureteral openings, and bladder volume.

Back 72

-anechoic with echogenic walls btw 3-6 mm.
-volume measured by LxWxAPx.523
-can sometimes have anterior aftifact called reverb artifact

Front 73

what are the 4 4 layers to the bladder wall?

Back 73

-inner mucosa(transitional epithelium)
-connective tissue(submucosa)
-detrusor muscle
-adventitia

Front 74

which adrenal gland is more triangular shaped?

Back 74

the right

Front 75

where do the adrenal glands drain?

Back 75

the right adrenal gland drains directly into the IVC, and the Lt drains into the left renal vein

Front 76

Where do the parts of the adrenal gland originate?

Back 76

the medulla orginates from the neural crest cells, and the cortex develops from the mesderm of the posterior abdominal wall.

Front 77

what are chromaffin cells?

Back 77

catacholamines such as epinephrine, and norepinephrine

Front 78

what are the 2 outer coats of adrenal glands?

Back 78

peritoneal(external)
fibroelastic(internal)

Front 79

T/F the interstitial fluid can travel in and out of a capillary?

Back 79

False-it can only travel in, not out.

Front 80

what is the course of lymph?

Back 80

cappillaris----lymphatic vessles-----lyphatic trunk-----thoracic duct/rt lymphatic duct-----subclavian veins.

Front 81

what is the most relaible indicator of lymphadenopathy?

Back 81

modes posterior to the aorta and IVC.

Front 82

What are the most common groups of nodes?

Back 82

gastric, hepatic, pancreatic, splenic and colic

Front 83

is the ascending colon intra/retroperitoneal?

Back 83

intra

Front 84

T/F Large sacculations of the colon are called rugae?

Back 84

false

Front 85

T/F the second part of the duodenum is lateral to the head of the pancreas?

Back 85

true

Front 86

what is the innermost layer of bowel?

Back 86

mucosa

Front 87

is the antrum of the stomach medial to the pylorus?

Back 87

yes

Front 88

where is the appendix normally found?

Back 88

medial to the cecum

Front 89

what is a sight for lymphadenopathy?

Back 89

the liver porta

Front 90

where does the splenic vein run in relation to the pancreas?

Back 90

superior to the body and tail of the pancres

Front 91

what is the superior border of the spleen?

Back 91

the left hemidiaphragm.

Front 92

does the spleen decrease in size with portal hypertention?

Back 92

no

Front 93

what does the splenic vein merge w/ to form the portal vein?

Back 93

SMV