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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 layers of Gut Tube
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Submucosa (glands, vessels) Muscularis (inner circular, myenteric plexus, outer longitudinal) Serosa (or adventia) |
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only what 2 things have SM glands?
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esophagus & duodenum |
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cells of esophagus?
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stratified squamous, SM glands |
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pyloris has what cells?
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goblet |
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body & fundus have what cells? |
parietal & chief cells |
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SI has what 2 things? |
villi & crypts |
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duodenum has what? |
SM glands |
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ileum has what? |
peyer's patches |
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colon has 2 things |
crypts & goblet cells
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PS presynaptic
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increase motility & secretion |
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sympathetic postsynaptic
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decrease motility, secretion and blood flow |
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what plexus is sensory and controls secretion?
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submucosal (meissner's) plexus |
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motor plexus? |
myenteric (auerbach's) plexus |
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mucosa what cell type?
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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submucosa contains what?
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esophageal mucous glands |
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3 parts of muscularis? |
middle 1/3: mixed lower 1/3 smooth |
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when adventitia and when serosa? |
adventitia until diaphragm, then serosa
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esophagogastric junction is what to what cell types?
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stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium |
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3 parts of stomach and function?
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fundus/body: pepsinogen/HCl (digestion) pyloris: mucous, gastrin (stimulates contraction, secretion) |
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where are neuroendocrine cells found?
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pyloris, in bottom of goblet cells, secrete gastrin |
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chief cells stain what color? secrete what?
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blue, basophilic, secrete pepsinogen & lipase |
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parietal cells...color and function?
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pink, acidophilic, secrete HCl & intrinsic factor
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what do entero-endocrine cells require? |
special stains |
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entero-endocrine cells are among what and secrete what for what? |
among chief cells & secrete serotonin (increases gut motility) |
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H2 blocks block histamine from what?
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parietal cells and stop intrinsic factor |
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parietal cells have what filled with microvilli? stain what color?
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canalliculi and stain pink b/c of mitochondria |
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what is pernicious anemia?
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lack of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells, causes Vit. B12 deficiency |
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G cells produce what? for what?
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gastrin to increase gastric motility and secretion |
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where do you find paneth cells? function?
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bottom of crypts in SI, secrete lysozyme |
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empty space in SI
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lacteal |
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what, as what, is absorbed into lacteals?
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triglycerides (as chylomicrons) |
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where are intrinsic factor (B12) and bile absorbed? |
ileum |
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what has submucosal (brunner's) glands?
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duodenum |
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what has plicae circulares; thin unremarkable submucosa
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jejunum |
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lymphoid nodules called peyer's patches |
ileum |
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duodenum receives enzymes and a buffer from where? and bile from where?
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bile - liver |
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DNES epithelial cells produce 2 things?
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secretin: production of bicarbonate buffer by pancreas |
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what are M cells and who has them?
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nonabsorptive cells covering Peyer's patches, found in ileum |
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where is bile acid reabsorption?
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ileum |
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M cell function?
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aka immune protection |
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LI has what but no what?
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dehydration what organ?
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LI |
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appendix a significant part of what?
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MALT, holds bacteria to reseed intestines following extreme diarrhea |
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peptic ulcers associated with what?
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helicobacter pylori, worsened by drugs, NSAIDS, aspirin |
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4x as many peptic ulcers arise in where then stomach?
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duodenum |
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osmotic pull in the stool causes what?
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diarrhea |
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blunting of villi
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celiac disease |
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inflammation around the mucosa/wall, non-GI symptoms and failure to thrive
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Crohn's disease
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where does diverticulitis occur? if blows out?
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between the taenia, if blows out you get peritonitis |
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what are polyps?
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crypts lined with goblet cells that become very deep |
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rectum and anus what kind of cells? lots of what?
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simple columnar epithelium, lots of goblet cells (lots of mucous) |
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in rectum and anus, called what instead of crypts?
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pits |
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recto to anal junction changes from what cell to what?
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simple columnar epithelim to stratified squamous epithelium |
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protection in liver?
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kupffer cells |
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storage of glycogen
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hepatocytes |
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storage of vitamin A, D, B12 |
ito cells |
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kupffer cells reside where? |
sinusoid |
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production cells liver |
albumin, fibrinogen |
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endocrine cells
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angiotensinogen, thrombopoeitin |
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exocrine cells |
bile |
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detox |
lots of smooth ER |
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major support for the sinusoids and central venules
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reticulin (type 3 collagen) fibers running along the plates of hepatocytes |
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where is most connective tissue in the liver found?
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septa and portal tracts |
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what do the lateral domains form? do what?
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bile canaliculi that conduct bile between hepatocytes to the bile ducts |
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sinusoidal domains have what? project where?
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microvilli, project into the space of Disse |
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what in pancreas release glucagon? |
alpha cells |
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what mixes in the sinusoids?
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nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein & O2 rich blood from hepatic artery |
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the bile canaliculi join with bile ductules lined by what cells to form?
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cuboidal epithelial cells called cholangiocytes
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what's bile released in response to? FN?
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cholecystokinin, emulsify fat |
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lack of bile causes?
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steatorrhea (runny, fatty stools) |
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what drains blood from the portal vein and the hepatic artery to the hepatic or central vein?
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classic hepatic lobule |
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drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile duct?
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portal lobule |
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supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes |
portal acinus |
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which zone of portal acinus is most oxygenated? least?
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zone 1 - most oxygenated |
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where do you have more O2, closer or farther from the hepatic artery?
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closer, around the edges, CHF cells close to central vein will be at risk |
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in liver disease you have edema due to? bruising? Steatorrhea? ascites? |
bruising = lack of fibrinogen and thrombopoietin steatorrhea = impaired bile production ascites = impaired lymphatic uptake of ascites fluid |
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fatty liver disease reversible? |
yes |
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progressive accumulation of fat and progressive inflammation of liver called?
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steatohepatitis |
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centrilobular necrosis of liver caused by what? death in which zone? seen with? aka? |
impaired flow through hepatic artery, hypoxia in zone 3, often seen with CHF, referred to as cardiac necrosis |
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chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis and scar tissue
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cirrhosis (irreversible) |
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primary liver cancer
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arising in liver itself, usual causes = hepatitis and cirrhosis |
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2ndary (metastatic) liver cancer
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more common, typically spreads to liver via hepatic portal venous system |
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pancreas exocrine drain? endocrine? |
endocrine = blood |
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what cells manufacture, store and release digestive enzymes?
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acinar cells
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secretion of acinar cells and digestive enzymes controlled by?
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cholecystokinin |
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what hormone affects the release? produced where? |
centroacinar and ductal cells, secretin affects the release which is produced by DNES cells in SI |
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what inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion?
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somatostatin |
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severe pain radiating to back, vomiting
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pancreatitis |
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most common cause of acute pancreatitis? chronic? |
gallstones, chronic = alcohol |
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what's increased in pancreatitis?
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blood amylase and lipase |
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reticular fibers prominent in 3 places? allow? what collagen? stain? |
allow cellular mobility type 3 collagen, silver stain |
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white pulp has what vessel? PALS? Marginal zone?
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central artery, PALS = T cells, Marginal zone = B cells |
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Germinal centers is where what happens?
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b cell clones in marginal zone |
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B cells migrate to where to become what? |
splenic cords to become plasma cells |
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Marginal zone sinus? |
macrophages |
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splenic red pulp has 2 things? open/closed circulation? |
splenic sinuses: closed circulation, macrophages just outside |
