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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gastrin action
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stimulates gastric acid secretion and growth of oxyntic gland mucosa
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where is gastrin released?
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gastric antrum and perhaps duodenum.
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what stimulates release of gastrin?
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peptides, amino acids, gastric distension, and stimulation of vagus n.
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CCK action
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gallbladder contraction, pancreatic enzyme and bicarb secretion; growth of exocrine pancreas; inhibits gastric emptying
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CCK released from...
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duodenum and jejunum
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CCK release stimulated by...
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peptides, aa, and >8C fatty acids; acid to a lesser extent.
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secretin action
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pancreatic bicarb secretion; biliary bicarb secretion; growth of exocrine pancreas; pepsin secretion; inhibits gastric acid secretion and trophic effect of gastrin
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secretin from...
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duodenum
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secretin stimulated by...
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acid; to lesser extent, fat.
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GIP action
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insulin release; inhibits gastric acid secretion
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GIP from...
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duodenum and jejunum
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GIP release stimulated by...
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glucose, aa, and fatty acids.
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Motilin action
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gastric and intestinal motility;
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motilin from...
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duodenum and jejunum
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motilin release stim by...
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nerves, fat, and acid
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Paracrines
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act on cells in immediate vicinity; not through blood stream; eg somatostatin and histamine
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somatostatin action
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inhibits gastrin release and release of other peptide hormones and gastric acid secretion
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SS from...
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GI mucosa and pancreatic islets
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release induced by...
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acid
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release inhibited by...
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vagal stimulation
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histamine action
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stimulates gastric acid secretion
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histamine from...
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oxyntic gland mucosa and ECL cells
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histamine response stimulated by...
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gastrin
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Neurocrines
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released from neurons by AP; diffuse across synaptic cleft to target tissue; VIP, GRP, and enkephalins
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VIP action
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stimulates intestinal and pancreatic secretion; relaxes sphincters and gut circular smooth muscle
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VIP from...
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cells in mucosa and smooth muscle of GI tract
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bombesin or GRP peptide
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stimulates gastrin release; released by cells in gastric mucosa
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Enkephalins
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stimulates smooth mm contraction; inhibits intestinal secretionfrom cells in GI mucosa and smooth mm
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what organs does the liver touch?
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diaphragm, kidney, and stomach
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portal triad
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branch of hepatic portal vein, branch of hepatic artery, bile duct, and usually ignored as a lymphatic
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intrahepatic ductule
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connects bile duct to biliary tree
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space of mall
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small space between the outer hepatocytes and the CT stroma of the portal canal; it is the beginning of lymphatic drainage into the liver
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liver drainage
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terminal hepatic venule to hepatic vein to the IVC
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classical lobule of liver
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six sided with corners of portal triads and a center which is the central vein; represents anatomic organization
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portal lobule
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triangle with three central veins and portal triad in the middle; describes one of exocrine functions, secretion of bile.
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portal acinus
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diamond with long axis between two central veins and short axis between two adjacent portal veins. takes into acct the metabolic and exocrine function of the liver.
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hepatic sinusoids
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conduct blood from portal vein and hepatic artery towards the central vein; they run between anastomosing plates of hepatocytes
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space of disse
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fluid filled space that separates the endothelial cells from the hepatocytes
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hepatic stellate cell- Ito cell
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in the space of disse, it stores hepatic vitamin A in form of retinyl esters. in some processes it bcomes activated, and then it makes types I and III collagen, producing a fibrotic response. it is also highly contractile and can increase vascular resistance along the sinusoids.
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portal acinus
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diamond with long axis between two central veins and short axis between two adjacent portal veins. takes into acct the metabolic and exocrine function of the liver.
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hepatic sinusoids
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conduct blood from portal vein and hepatic artery towards the central vein; they run between anastomosing plates of hepatocytes
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space of disse
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fluid filled space that separates the endothelial cells from the hepatocytes
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hepatic stellate cell- Ito cell
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in the space of disse, it stores hepatic vitamin A in form of retinyl esters. in some processes it bcomes activated, and then it makes types I and III collagen, producing a fibrotic response. it is also highly contractile and can increase vascular resistance along the sinusoids.
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phasic contraction
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contraction/relaxation in seconds; esophagus, distal 1/3 of stomach, small intestine
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tonic contraction
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minutes to hours; LES, orad stomach, ileocecal sphincter, internal anal sphincter
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slow waves
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originate in the interstitial cells of cajal
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