Gi 43

Front 1

what predominately controls the regulation of saliva?

Back 1

parasympathetic nervous signals

Front 2

where in the brainstem do PNS signals come from?

Back 2

superior/inferior salivatory nuclei

Front 3

what excites saliva secretion?

Back 3

1)taste/tactile stimulation in the mouth
2)from CNS- appetite center
3) reflexes from stomach duodenum- irritation/nausea

Front 4

where is the sympathetic nervous stimulation come from?

Back 4

the superior cervical ganglia

Front 5

what is a substance that spilts blood proteins to form bradykinin (dilation)?

Back 5

kallikrien

Front 6

what are the two functions of GI tract secretion?

Back 6

digestive enzymes and mucous

Front 7

what type of cells are on the surface of epithelium and respond to mechanical stimulation?

Back 7

Single Cell Mucous Glands (Goblet Cells)

Front 8

what do Single Cell Mucous glands do?

Back 8

secrete mucous directly on the epithelial surface to act as a lubricant

Front 9

what are the deep invaginations of the epithelium into the mucosa?

Back 9

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Front 10

What do the Crypts of Lieberkuhn do?

Back 10

they are specialized secretory cells that secrete fluid

Front 11

where are the tubular glands located?

Back 11

in the stomach and the upper duodenum

Front 12

what are examples of complex glands that lie outside of the the walls of the GI tract?

Back 12

salivary, pancreatic, hepatic

Front 13

what is the function of complex glands?

Back 13

digestion/emulsification of food

Front 14

what are the three main things that stimulate glands to release contents?

Back 14

1) tactile stimulation
2) chemical stimulation
3) gut wall distension

(direct contact and the ENS)

Front 15

what nervous system strongly increases secretion by glands?

Back 15

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 16

what are the two main parasympathetic nerves involved in secretions?

Back 16

glossopharyngeal and vagus

Front 17

what are glands in the distal portion of the large intestine innervated by?

Back 17

pelvic parasympathetic nerves

Front 18

what effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on gland secretions?

Back 18

increases secretions, but vasoconstricts...net effect is to slightly increase secretions

Front 19

what do hormones do in the stomach and duodenum?

Back 19

increase secretions when food enters the stomach or the duodenum

Front 20

how do substances get from the capillary to the base of the grandular cell?

Back 20

diffusion or active transport (Na/K+ pump)

Front 21

what happens in the Golgi?

Back 21

secretory materials come in from the ER....they are modified, added to, concentrated and discharged into the cytoplasm in the form of secretory vesicles

Front 22

what is the role of calcium in exocytosis?

Back 22

causes the vesicle to fuse with the membrane...the vesicle interior is exposed and the contents are released

Front 23

in the secretion of water and electrolytes, which ion is actively transported into the interior? Then what happens?

Back 23

Cl...then Na follows and moves into the cell....water enters and the cell swells...pressure in the cell causes the rupture of the secretory border of the cell

Front 24

what are the functions of mucous?

Back 24

1) lubrication and protection
2) adheres to food particles and the epithelium easily
3) coats materials and prevents them from contacting the mucosa
4) low resistance for movement (slippery)
5) buffer- neutralizes stomach acids and other acids

Front 25

what glands are saliva secreted from?

Back 25

submandibular, sublingual, parotid, and buccal glands

Front 26

what is ptyalin?

Back 26

a protein contained in serous protein of saliva for starch digestion?

Front 27

what is mucin?

Back 27

a protein in mucus protein of saliva for lubrication and protection

Front 28

what type of glands secrete only serous?

Back 28

parotid

Front 29

what type of glands secrete only mucus?

Back 29

buccal

Front 30

what type of glands secrete both serous and mucus?

Back 30

submandibular and sublingual

Front 31

what happens to saliva during maximal secretions?

Back 31

it is very similar to ECF (lots of NaCl) because there is not as much time for modifications

Front 32

what two ions does saliva contain a great amount of ?

Back 32

K+ and bicarbonate

Front 33

the NaCl content compared to plasma?

Back 33

much lower

Front 34

what happens to Na and K concentrations as saliva is processed?

Back 34

Na decreases and K increases

Front 35

what does Cl do in response to Na and K movement?

Back 35

is reabsorbed (lessened content in the saliva)

Front 36

what does HCO3 do in response to other ions?

Back 36

it is secreted out of the duct (increases in saliva)

Front 37

what two ions are reabsorbed back into the duct?

Back 37

Na and Cl

Front 38

what does the reabsorption of Na and Cl do to the saliva?

Back 38

makes it more hypotonic and alkaline....helps nutralize the bacteria that generate the acids

Front 39

what is the electrical potential that is generated inside the cell?

Back 39

negative because more Na pumped into the gland than K that are pumped into the saliva cells