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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Esophagus |
esophageal ulceration
upper endoscopy |
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Esophagus
awareness of lump or tightness in throat unrelated to meals or swallowing. rarely occurs with... |
globus sensation |
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Esophagus [most effective diagnostic test] |
videofluoroscopy |
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Esophagus |
achalasia
dilated esophagus with air fluid level bird's beak apperance |
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Esophagus |
1. Ba swallow 2. esophageal manometry with esophageal aperistalsis and incomplete relaxation of LES with wet swallows. CONFIRMS DIAGNOSIS 3. EGD to rule out adenoca causing pseudoachalasia |
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Esophagus treatment... |
manometry calcium channel blocker |
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Esophagus T/F: Need oral thrush to be present for esophageal candidiasis...
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C albicans F: absence of oral candida lesions do not rule out esophageal candiasis. |
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Esophagus |
pill induced |
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Esophagus
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eosinophilic |
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Esophagus |
fails empiric therapy |
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Esophagus |
ambulatory pH monitoring |
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Esophagus refractory reflux confirmed by pH studies or endoscopy or cannot tolerate PPI... does this decrease risk of adenoca... |
PPI fundoplication surgery does not reduce risk of cancer |
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Esophagus |
Barrett's esophagus |
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Esophagus Treatment for minor dysplasia... Treatment for high grade dysplasia... Treatment for No dysplasia... |
acid mucin containing goblet cells minor dysplasia - PPI major dysplasia - endoscopic ablation serial EGD's |
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Esophagus What do you do next after biopsy is cancerous... |
esophageal ca (sq. cell and adenoca) STAGING with CT scan, endoscopic US, and PET |
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Stomach
2 most common causes of PUD… If young patient WITHOUT alarm symptoms and symptoms of PUD, then... |
H pylori infection
NSAIDS test and treat for H pylori without endoscopy |
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Stomach NSAID related ulcer prophylaxis… 3 complications of PUD [pneumonic]... |
plavix start PPI if receiving chronic NSAID P - perforation O - outlet obstruction B - bleeding |
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Stomach
stomach discomfort with no physiologic cause… PUD with FALSE NEGATIVE rapid urease, urea breath test and stool H. pylori... |
functional dyspepsia recent antibiotics, bismuth containing compound or PPI can cause false negative test if not stopped 2 wks before testing |
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Stomach |
diagnostic tests for H. pylori eradication like urea breath test or fecal antigen test |
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Stomach If patient returns 9wks after initial treatment for H pylori duodenal ulcer with recurrent symptoms... |
10-14 days of 3 meds: recurrent symptoms: urea breath test, if positive then try different antibiotics |
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Stomach Duodenal PUD without complications does not require… Do not order H. pylori Ab assay for eradication testing... |
PPI
follow up EGD Ab assay remains elevated after treatment |
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Stomach
chronic N/V/early satiety is suspicious for... treatment and risk factor… Diagnostic test... |
gastroparesis
prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide 1-10% risk of irreversible tar dive dyskinesia. gastric empty scan. NOT upper GI Ba Xray |
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Stomach
functional dyspepsia is confusing for.... |
gastroparesis because it has slow gastric emptying.
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Stomach |
need colorectal eval for familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome |
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Stomach |
initial removal then endoscope every 6-12mo for 3yrs |
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Stomach
East asians/chinese are at higher risk for... |
gastric adenoca
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Stomach
most common risk factor for gastric adenoca |
H pylori
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Stomach Diagnosis... Other bad complication of bariatric surgery... |
sustained tachycardia >120 upper GI with oral contrast. extravasated contrast on imaging reveals need for surgery. venous thromboembolis, some get IVC filter before surgery |
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Stomach |
thiamine defiency (wernicke-Korsakoff)
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Pancreas
best imaging test for pancreatitis (when diagnosis uncertain) |
CT with contrast
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Pancreas |
BUN levels |
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Pancreas
first treatment for acute pancreatitis |
aggressive IVF
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Pancreas
when to have ERCP with pancreatitis? |
ascending cholangitis
gallstone pancreatitis with worsening LFT's |
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Pancreas
gallstone pancreatitis without complications |
consider GB surgery prior to discharge
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Pancreas |
pseudocyst |
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Pancreas
most common cause of chronic pancreatitis... independent risk factor for chronic pancreatitis... |
etoh
tobacco |
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Pancreas
abdominal pain with varying degrees of endocrine and exocrine dysfunction… T/F: normal amylase and lipase RULES out chronic pancreatitis... |
chronic pancreatitis
False: normal levels do NOT rule out chronic pancreatitis |
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Pancreas
treat exocrine dysfunction with chronic pancreatitis... treat diabetes with chronic pancreatitis… if young adult with chronic pancreatitis, then test for... |
enteric coated pancreatic enzymes with meals
insulin Cystic fibrosis |
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Pancreas |
age >50
tobacco and chronic pancreatitis |
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Pancreas |
multiplanar CT and endoscopic US (if no mets on CT) |
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Pancreas |
autoimmune pancreatitis (usually in Japan) |
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Pancreas
which is more common? pancreatic cyst vs. malignant cystic neoplasm |
20% prevalence pancreatic cyst
1% cystic neoplasm |
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Pancreas
Diagnosis of cystic lesion |
EUS - endoscopic US to aspirate contents of cyst |
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Pancreas |
MEN 1 and von Hippel-Landau disease (gastrinoma) |
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Pancreas |
endoscopic US
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Diarrhea
stool osmotic gap 4 types |
secretory - gap less than 50
osmotic - gap greater than 100 secretory, osmotic, inflammatory, malabsorptive |
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Diarrhea
acute vs chronic |
acute less than 2wks
chronic longer than 4wks |
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Diarrhea |
celiac
small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) short bowel Lactose malabsorption |
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Diarrhea |
SIBO |
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Diarrhea Concern immediately for diarrhea after small bowel resected... |
short bowel syndrome diarrhea from increased gastric acid secretion. Start PPI. |
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Diarrhea |
lactose malabsorption
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Diarrhea |
lactose malabsorption |
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Diarrhea celiac screening test... |
avoid gluten tissue transglutaminase Ig Antibody (tTG) |
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IBD |
UC
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IBD |
Crohns
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IBD |
UC |
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IBD treatment... |
erythema nodosum increase medical treatment for IBD |
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IBD
primary sclerosing cholangitis and colorectal ca is usually seen in |
UC
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IBD |
UC |
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IBD |
Crohns |
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IBD |
stool studies for superimposed infections
colonoscopy with biopsy to eval CMV. seen in 30% undergoing colectomy |
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IBD |
5-asa |
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IBD |
5-asa work well (better than crohns)
thiopurine methotrexate |
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IBD |
anti tumor necrosis factor |
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IBD diagnostic test... |
microscopic colitis flex sig with MULTIPLE biopsies to catch the pathologic tissue |
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IBD |
lots of lymphocytes |
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IBD
acute onset (people remember first episode): gradually get worse over time: |
UC
Crohns |
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Constipation
recommended fiber intake |
25-30g per day
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Colon
intestinal syndrome with abdominal discomfort and altered bowel habits without organic cause…. #1 risk factor…. |
irritable bowel
infectious gastroenteritits |
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Colon
clinical diagnosis based on Rome 3 criteria... if no alarm symptoms…. |
Irritable bowel
no scope |
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Colon |
IBS-D - diarrhea
IBS-C - constipation IBS - M - mixed (alternates diarrhea and constipation) |
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Colon Treatment for IBS-C, if fails conservative treatment... |
celiac disease lubiprostone |
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Colon |
Abd pelvis CT
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Colon Colonoscopy 5-6wks after treatment is needed to rule out (2)... |
diverticulosis rule out crohns or adenoca that mimic diverticulitis |
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Colon |
colonic ischemia |
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Colon |
acute mesenteric ischemia |
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Colon |
acute mesenteric ischemia
angiography |
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Colon |
IVF and antibiotics for possble sepsis |
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Colon |
chronic mesenteric ischemia |
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Colon |
colonic ischemia |
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Colon
colonic ischemia sites: (3) why is rectum spared: Treatment: |
sigmoid and descending colon and watershed areas splenic flexure and rectosigmoid junction. |
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Colon screening colonoscopy start at... |
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal ca age 20-25 |
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Colon
AD condition with macules in perioral region and buccal mucosa and GI hamartomatous polys in teens/young adults |
Peutz Jeghers syndrome
hamartomous - pertaining to a disturbance in growth of a tissue in which the cells of a circumscribed area outstrip those of the surrounding areas. |
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Colon
4 lifestyle risk factors for colorectal ca 2 conditions that increase risk of colorectal ca |
tob, etoh, excess body weight, red meat
DM2, inflammatory bowel |
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Colon if 1-2 adenoma (<1cm) with low grade dysplasia... if more than 3 adenoma (>1cm) with villous or high grade dysplasia... |
advanced colorectal neoplasia. so repeat scope based on polyp findings. low grade repeat scope in 10yrs high grade repeat scope in 3 yrs |
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Colon
patient with colorectal ca that has received curative treatment should be monitored aggressively. why? |
detect and prevent recurrence
metachronous colorectal neoplasia |
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Liver
AST vs ALT. which is rarely outside liver? |
ALT - is mostly liver. elevation is more specific for liver disease
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Liver
disease of liver: which bilirubin? |
conjugated bilirubin - elevated direct
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Liver
hemolysis or Gilbert syndrome. which bilirubin? |
unconjugated - elevated indirect. defect in bilirubin conjugation
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Liver |
acute less than 6mo |
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Liver
cholestatis labs or abnormalities if flow of bile. (2) |
elevated Alk phos and bilirubin.
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Hepatitis
diagnosis Hep A... risk factors: (2) if exposed to HAV: do this to prevent infection… Does Hepatitis A cause chronic hepatitis…. |
anti HAV IgM antibody
sex with men, enteric (dirty hands/food) prompt vaccination. DOES NOT CAUSE chronic hepatitis |
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Hepatitis |
blood, mucocutanous (sex), perinatal
acute infection then resolution - adult child can go chronic- can lead to cirrhosis and HCC |
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Hepatitis |
oral antiviral meds with liver failure. usually self limited. |
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Hepatitis Avoid this drug treatment for hepatitis if active autoimmune disorders, severe cytopenia, decompensated cirrhosis or major depression... |
convert HBsAg + to negative avoid interferon alfa in those 4 conditions |
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Hepatitis |
review table 28 on page 54 |
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Hepatitis |
inactive HBV carrier |
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Hepatitis
2 extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hep B…. If either are present, then... |
polyarteritis nodosa
membranous glomerulonephritis start viral suppression meds |
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Hepatitis
Hep C transmission (2) 85% of patients with anti-HCV antibody… T/F: normal transaminase exclude hep C… Palpable purpura seen in Hep C... |
IVDA or blood transfusion
develop chronic infection F: normal transaminase occur in up to 40% chronic hep C. leukocytoclastic vasculitis |
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Hepatitis |
peginterferon and ribavirin and NS3/4A protease inhibitor (boceprevir or telaprevir) |
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Hepatitis
incomplete virus that needs Hep B for replication causes: diagnosis: |
Hep D
severe acute hepatitis anti HDV antibody |
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Hepatitis
HDV transmission is similar to: Once HBV resolves, then: |
HBV
HDV resolves |
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Hepatitis
transmission is similar to HAV (enteric route) causes acute or chronic hepatitis diagnosis Prevention: |
HEV
acute hepatitis IgM antibody to HEV clean foods and clean hands |
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Hepatitis
25% Mortality if infected with HEV: |
pregnant women in 3rd trimester
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Liver |
drug induced - tylenol
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Hepatitis if patient has active infection, GI bleed, pancreatitis or kidney disease then... |
corticosteroids or pentoxifylline (improves blood flow) avoid steroids. |
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Hepatitis
fatigue, jaundice, and itching with high IgG… Diagnosis... |
autoimmune hepatitis
liver biopsy |
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Liver
liver disease due to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome…. treatment… DIAGNOSIS…. hyper lipid with this condition and elevated aminotransferase... |
NAFLD - non alcoholic fatty liver disease
weight loss and treat comorbities LIVER BIOPSY (not US) start statin. |
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Liver |
hereditary hemochromatosis. so screen relatives |
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Liver |
hereditary hemochromatosis |
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Liver treatment for regular HH… T/F: nondiagnostic HFE genotype rules out diagnosis of hemochromatosis... |
liver biopsy to eval cirrhosis that can develop into HCC phlebotomy False: does rule out diagnosis |
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Liver |
alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
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Liver
lung finding for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency |
panacinar emphysema
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Liver
treatment for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency with obstructive lung disease |
IV alpha-1-antitrypsin
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Liver |
Wilson
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Liver |
AST, ALT - elevated |
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Liver |
ceruplasmin (usually low) |
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Liver |
primary biliary cirrhosis
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Liver |
common symptoms of PBC |
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Liver |
AST and ALT elevated
Alk phos elevated bilirubin normal |
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Liver |
antiMTCH
florid duct lesion - focal duct obliteration with granuloma formation |
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Liver |
ursodeoxycholic acid |
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Liver |
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
inflammatory bowel disease cholangiography (ERCP)- beads on string where segmental bile duct fibrosis with saccular dilatation |
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Liver If CD4 <100, then... |
if PSC is suspected, then order MRCP for diagnosis then ERCP for therapy consider AIDS cholangiopathy due to CMV or Cryptosporidium infection (not PSC) |
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Liver
most common cause of portal HTN most common clinic findings of portal HTN (3) |
cirrhois
gastricesoph varices ascites hepatic encephalopathy |
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Liver |
EGD to exclude large varices
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Liver If patient has low HR or asthma.... |
non selective betablocker (propranolol or nadolol) or banding GO to BANDING |
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Liver |
55-60 |
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Liver
large gastric varices with no history of variceal bleed. |
nonselective beta blocker and banding are NOT as effective.
endoscopic sclerotherapy is better with followup TIPS |
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Liver |
ascites
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Liver |
portal HTN is cause of ascites
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Liver |
cardiac cause |
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Liver |
sodium restriction 2g
diuretics large volume paracentesis with IV albumin infusion |
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Liver |
serial paracentesis, TIPS, and liver transplant
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Liver |
+ ascites culture |
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Liver if significant liver/kidney dysfunction.... |
3rd generation cephalosporin (cefepime)
albumin norfloxacin |
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Liver |
reduce nitrogen in gut |
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Liver |
hepatorenal syndrome |
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Liver hepatorenal syndrome is associated with refractory ascites and less rapid course |
Type 2 - not rapid course (ascites) |
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Liver |
Cr >1.5 after stopping diuretics and giving volume with ALBUMIN |
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Liver |
hepatopulm syndrome |
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Liver |
hepatopulmonary syndrome |
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Liver |
2decho with bubble study and contrast which shows microbubble visualization within L atrium after 3-6 cardiac cycles. |
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Liver |
portopulm HTN |
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Liver imaging for diagnosis... early stage disease... |
cirrhosis of any cause Abd CT with contrast or MRI with gad biopsy not necessary if imaging shows HCC, start treatment early stage - liver transplant |
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Liver |
FHF- fulminant hepatic failure |
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Liver
elevated LFT or jaundice in absence of evidence of failure of liver function |
liver injury
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Liver |
# of weeks after jaundice onset that encephalopathy occurs |
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Liver do not use in... |
check intracerebral pressure for cerebral edema mannitol is contraindicated in kidney disease |
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Liver |
no internal echoic structures, likely asymptomatic |
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Liver |
laparoscopic fenestration because needle aspiration can cause more cysts. (make opening like window) |
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Liver
benign liver lesion that is hypertrophic tissue reaction to anomalous artery |
Focal nodular hyperplasia
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Liver
sheets of benign hepatocytes without biliary stricture or other nonparenchymal liver cells, associated with OCP |
hepatic adenoma
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Liver
hepatic adenoma less than 5cm larger than 5cm why treat? |
stop OCP
resect risk of malignant transformation |
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Liver
Liver lesion if traveled to tropical area with poor santitation |
amebiasis
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Liver |
HELLP - hemolysis, Elevated LFT, Low Platelet)
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Liver |
manage on high risk OB unit. should improve 4-6 days after delivery. can reoccur in future pregnancies |
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Liver |
AFLP - acute fatty liver of pregnancy |
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Liver
cirrhosis and bones: test and risk factor cirrhosis and immunizations |
risk for osteoporosis (BMD testing and steroids)
all are ok including hep A and B |
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Liver
antibiotics to avoid in cirrhosis (2) |
augmentin and isoniazid
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Liver Complication... Who is @ risk... |
Budd chiari |
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Liver |
obstructed hepatic venous outlfow tract on imaging |
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Liver
symptomatic BCS prognosis and treatment. fails med management, if fail this then... will then need lifelong.... |
poor prognosis
hepatic vein angioplasty +/- stent refractory to AC TIPS transplant....AC |
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Liver
sudden formation of thrombus within portal vein |
acute portal vein thrombosis
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Liver
fever, sudden abd pain, mesenteric extension, and intestinal ischemia. |
PVT (portal vein thrombosis)
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Liver
imaging with hyperechoic material in portal vein lumen and tributaries. treatment. |
PVT
AC and surgery to rule out infarction |
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GB |
black - hemolytic disease and cirrhosis
brown - biliary tract infection |
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GB
calcified or porcelain GB |
higher risk for Ca, so surgery
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GB
biliary colic is seen in... pain longer than 6 hr suggest |
symptomatic gallstones
cholecystitis |
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GB
acute cholecystitis is usually (90%) caused by.. rarely see... diagnosis.. |
cystic duct obstruction by gallstone
jaundice US |
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GB
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HIDA scan |
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GB |
ABD US to eval acalculous cholecystitis |
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GB
leading cause of obstructive jaundice with symptoms of jaundice, belly discomfort, itch, dark urine, pale stools. |
choledocholithiasis (CBD stones) |
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GB
choledocholithiasis imaging (US or noncontrast CT) reveals: treatment of choice: followup: |
dilation of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts
ERCP cholecystectomy within 6wks |
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GB
If symptomatic choledocholithiasis cannot tolerate surgery |
endoscopic sphincterotomy
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GB |
cholangitis |
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GB |
take out due to risk for GB cancer, resect polyp |
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GB |
cholangiocarcinoma |
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GB
herditary polyposis syndrome needs regular EGD |
monitor for ampullary adenoca
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GI
most common type of GI bleed (upper or lower) (defn) |
upper GI - intraluminal blood loss proximal to ligament of trietz
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GI
most common cause of upper GI bleed (2). elevated BUN |
PUD and esoph varices
upper GI source |
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GI |
orthostasis > hypotension > tachycardia |
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GI management of non-variceal bleed... critically ill patient with upper GI bleed... |
abx and octreotide IV PPI before endoscopy hemodynamic stability before scope |
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GI |
1. diverticula |
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GI |
without intervention, but early rebleeding is common
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GI Do not order this test... |
obscure GI bleed
repeat EGD/colonoscopy do not order small bowel X-ray |
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GI if bleeding is light... if bleeding is heavy... |
angiography for heavy bleeding technetium labeled nuclear scan for light bleeding |
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Liver cirrhotic with complication of ascites, hepatic encaphalopathy, jaundice, or portal HTN related bleeding... treatment... |
decompensated cirrhosis liver transplant |
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IBD UC with spread beyond rectum and Crohns with more than 1/3 colon involved are at risk for... screening... if UC only effects rectum (proctitis only)... |
colorectal ca colonoscopy 1-2yrs with biopsy 10yr for UC proctitis |
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Liver pregnant presents with itch and elevated bilirubin... treatment… First sign of fetal distress... |
intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy ursodeoxycholic acid deliver baby |
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GI non-variceal upper GI bleed with INR 2.8... |
can go to EGD, do not have to reverse AC if INR<3 |
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GI 15-20% of BRBPR come from this source... why is this concerning... What happens if NG tube is negative for blood or coffee ground emesis.... |
upper GI bleed may be heavy bleed of at least 1L causing syncope and presyncope NG tube placement can yield false negative. |
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IBD treatment for severe Crohns with wt loss and significant inflammation on colonoscopy... |
anti TNF alpha like infliximab |
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GI EGD of bleeding ulcer reveals active arterial spurting or nonbleeding visible vessel in ulcer base requires this post procedure.... |
72hr observation in the hospital due to risk of rebleed |
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GI aortic stenosis patient with bleeding angioectasia... treatment... |
Heyde syndrome AV replacement |
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Cancer Familial Adenomatous Polyposis after complete colectomy... |
check EGD to eval duodenal/ampullary cancer |
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Ascites first step of workup for ascites... uncomplicated ascites treatment (combo)... |
check SAAG. if >1.1 and ascites protein <2.5 then portal HTN. if >1.1 and ascites protein >2.5, then cardiac cause. reduce salt in diet and diuretics |
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IBD UC or Crohns flare: check this... |
C. diff to rule out superimposed infections. do not need recent abx usage to be at risk. |
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IBD immunocompromised with IBD must avoid these vaccines... |
live vaccine like VZV, nasal flu, MMR |
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Colon ca if age 50yo and have only 1 of 6 + fecal occult blood... |
go to colonoscopy. only need 1 positive test. |
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Hepatitis When to start treatment on hep C... |
when significant fibrosis is present. start ribaviron and interferon |
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Esophagitis Treatment for HSV esophagitis... Treatment for CMV esophagitis... |
HSV - acyclovir CMV - ganciclovir |
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Colon 42yo with 3mo history of worsening constipation with occasional blood in stool... |
colonoscopy due to worsening constipation. |
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IBD Crohns treatment for perianal disease after successful surgery and NO signs of active infection... |
anti-TNF agent |
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Diarrhea Diarrhea with low B12 and high folate... |
SIBO - bacteria consume B12 but produce folate |
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Hepatitis Hepatitis B immune tolerant has high.... these labs are normal... when should be concerned... |
high viral load LFT's are WNL when LFT's are elevated which is concerning for active hepatitis. check biopsy |
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PUD melena with scope that reveals that is negative for H. pylori by urease, histo, or culture... |
check H. pylori serology because recent GI bleed and PPI can affect other tests for H. pylori (serology is not affected) |
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PUD patient with no risk factors or alarm symptoms but chronic dyspepsia for 1 yr from developing country... if from developed country... |
test and treat approach for H. pylori start PPI if not from H. pylori area |
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Stomach patient who smokes marijuana that has cyclic N/V... N/V improves with this activity... |
cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome hot bath |
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Biliary Tree dilation of bile duct without obstructing lesion that presents with abdominal pain with recurrent cholangitis or jaundice... what is risk... |
biliary cyst cyst can lead to cholangiocarcinoma, so cut out the cyst |
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Liver young person with fulminant liver failure... |
rule out Wilson disease |
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Esophagus treatment for patient with BOTH eosinophilic esophagitis and gerd... |
start PPI first. if it fails than aersolized steroid. eosinophilic may be due to gerd, so rule out gerd first with PPI trial or ambulatory pH study |
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GB elderly with low BP, tachycardia, tachypnea, elevated LFT's.... |
cholangitis,so get ERCP. it seen more with elderly with DM2. they may not have fever or leukocytosis |
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Colon Consider this test and condition if iron def anemia with negative EGD and colonscopy... |
repeat scopes with more biopsies to test tissue transglutaminase Ab (tTG) to eval celiac disease |
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Colon microscopic colitis caused by NSAIDs or lansoprazole, treatment... |
stop offending meds first (NSAIDs or lansoprazole) |
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Celiac Disease definitive diagnosis… Why avoid gluten free diet for empiric therapy… Most common reason for failure of treatment... |
small bowel biopsy or presence of dermatitis herpetiformis false negative serology testing. can't confirm diagnosis nonadherence to diet |
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Celiac Disease Adhere to gluten free diet but still suffer recurrent malabsorption... |
eval intestinal lymphoma |
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Malabsorption 4 most common disorders… |
celiac disease small bowel bacterial overgrowth short bowel syndrome pancreatic insuff |
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Malabsorption avoid this drug if ileal resection >100cm.. |
cholestryramine will worsen bile salt def and steatorrhea |
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Liver Elevated indirect or unconjugated bilirubin with normal ALT and AST and NO hemolysis with normal Hgb and retic count…. Extensive workup... |
Gilbert No extensive workup |
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Gallstone Treatment for acute cholecystitis within 24-48hr… Avoid this treatment for acute cholangitis... |
surgery avoid surgery due to increased mortality. do ERCP. |
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Gallstone gallstone becomes impacted in the cystic duct or neck of the gallbladder causing compression of the common bile duct (CBD) or common hepatic duct, resulting in obstruction and jaundice (elevated bilirubin)…treatment... |
Mirizzi syndrome cholecystectomy |
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Cirrhosis active variceal bleed that fails octreotide and banding… diuretic refractory ascites that fails large volume paracentesis…. complication of this procedure... |
TIPS - transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt portosystemic encephalopathy (if shunt is too big where too much portal blood goes to hepatic circulation) |
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IBS older than 50yo with severe or refractory symptoms of irritable bowel… Avoid this medication to treat IBS... |
colonoscopy alosetron can cause ischemic colitis |
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IBD avoid this procedure with moderate to severe UC which can cause toxic megacolon… complication of Crohn disease and cystitis... |
Barium enema enterovesical fistula |
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IBD If dysplasia is found in UC or Crohns on screening colonoscopy... |
proctocolectomy |
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Upper GI bleed avoid this test which may interfere with subsequent endoscopy or other study… These 2 labs are unreliable indicators of volume and should not be used for determination of volume replacement... |
Ba xray Hgb and HcT are unreliable for indicator for volume in upper GI bleed |
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Upper GI bleed this medication is not helpful in managing upper GI bleed... |
H2 blocker |
