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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does paraalimentary mean?
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Supplementary tract pertaining to food and digestion
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What are the 4 major para-alimentary organs?
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1. Salivary Glands
2. Pancreas 3. Liver 4. Gallbladder / Biliary Tree |
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What are the 2 main functions of the salivary glands?
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1. Produce digestive enzymes (ie amylase)
2. Immune Protection - lysozymes and IgA prodction |
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What are the 2 main exocrine functions of the pancreas?
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1. Produce bicarb - neutralize stomach acid
2. Produce Digestive enzymes - amylase, lipase, trypisinogen |
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What are the 2 main functions of the liver?
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1. Synthetic - ex make bile
2. Clearing - ex secretes copper via biliary secretion |
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How much fluid do the salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas secrete every day?
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Salivary glands = 1 Liter
Liver = 1 liter Pancreas = 2 liters 4 Liters total! |
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Where are minor salivary glands found?
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In the mouth and esophagus
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What type of cells are seen in minor salivary glands?
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Mucinous
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ALL components of the pancreas proper are derived from what?
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A COMMON stem cell
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What describes the pancreas wrt to peritoneum?
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Head neck body = secondarily retroperitoneal
Tail = paritoneal |
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The pancrease is embedded in what, and has what embedded throughout?
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FAT
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What are the 3 components of the pancreas?
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1. Acinar
2. Islet 3. Ducts |
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What are the 2 functions of the pancreatic duct?
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1. Conduit for secretions of ACINAR cells to lumen of duodenum
2. Secretes BICARBONATE to neutralize acid in duodenum received from stomach |
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What are the 2 reasons why stomach acid must be neutralized?
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1. Prevent duodenal injury
2. Prevent inactivation of pancreatic enzymes |
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What surrounds the lumen of the duct?
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Collagen collar
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What immediately lines the pancreatuc ducts?
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glandular cells
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What construct in the pancreas is important for delivery of acinar cell secretions into the duct?
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The smooth transition of the acinar cells into the duct
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The smooth transition structure raises what hypothesis?
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That there is a common stem cell for ductal AND acinar cells
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The ductal cells are what, and secrete what?
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Are GLANDULAR, and secrete MUCINS and BICARBONATE
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Islet cells in the pancreas produce what?
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Insulin and Glucagon
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What is the cell shape of an acinar cell?
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Pyramidal shape
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The apical aspect of the acinar cell houses what?
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Zymogen granules
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Why are zymogen forms of digestive enzymes seen in acinar cells?
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Because we don't want them active inside the cell and destroying cell
recall: firework analogy |
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What fail safe system is in place in case a zymogen gets activated?
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Acinar cell has proteins to degrade accidentally activated enzymes
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The liver is composed of what 5 items?
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1. Hepatocytes
2. Bile ducts 3. Arteries 4. Veins 5. Nerves |
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How does the direction of bile flow compare to blood flow in the liver?
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It is OPPOSITE
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What are the 2 blood flows into the liver?
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1. Portal Vein
2. Hepatic artery |
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The liver surface is lined by what?
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Mesothilial cells called the CAPSULE
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What does the capsule contain?
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nerve endings for sensation
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What is the portal triad?
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Distinctive feature in the liver containing:
1. A Branch of the hepatic Artery 2. A branch of the Portal Vein 3. A branch of the Bile Duct |
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What is a terminal venule ("central vein")?
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veins found at the center of a "classic" hepatic lobule
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What is the function of the terminal venule?
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They receive the blood mixed in the liver sinusoids and return it to circulation via the hepatic vein
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What aspect of the terminal venule allows for exchange?
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It's fenestrated capillaries
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What are the 4 sections of the microanatomy of the liver?
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1. Portal Tract
2. Limiting Plate 3. Cords 4. Terminal Venule |
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The cords have what type of endothelial cells?
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Fenestrated to facilitate exchange
But small enough so RBC's can't get through |
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Cords consist of what?
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Epithelial histocytes arranged together and separated by vascular sinusoids
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What is the space in which blood flows called?
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Sinusoids
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The blood is separated from the hepatocytes by what type of endothelium?
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Fenestrated to allow for exchange
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How do hepatocytes regenerate?
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They can enter MITOSIS again
Thus, get hepatocyte turnover Different than in gut where crypts produce all new cells |
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What 2 items are NOT seen in the hepatic cords?
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1. Collagen
2. Basement Membrane Allows for MAXIMUM exchange!! |
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What is the space of disse?
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The space between the endothelium (fenestrated capillary) and the heptocyte
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What type of collagen is seen in the space of disse?
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Type III
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Starting from the sinusoidal lumen and going out, what would you encounter?
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Sinusoidal lume --> blood --> endothelial cell --> space of disse --> hepatocyte
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What is a bile canaliculus?
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is a thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes
formed by grooves on some of the lateral faces of hepatocytes |
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What do the bile canaliculi become?
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The bile canaliculi merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct
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Does bile flow into the blood?
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No, there are tight junctions which prevent that
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The liver is arbitrarily divided into what?
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3 Zones
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How are the 3 liver zones created?
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Based upon blood flow direction and the GRADIENT of nutrient and oxygen concentrations as blood flows
Recall goldfish example |
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Hepatocytes near the terminal venule see what concentration of nutrients and oxygen?
Those located after the portal tract |
LOW near terminal venule
High after tract |
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What defines zone 1?
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Those hepatocytes exposed to the blood right after entry from the portal tract
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What defines zone 2?
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Between 1 and 3
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What defines zone 3?
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Those hepatocytes which see the blood right before exit into the terminal venule
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Which enzyme is rich in zone 3?
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p450
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Which zone is most sensitive to ischemic damage?
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Zone 3
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What is the function of the gallbladder?
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Stores and releases bile
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The gallbladder stores bile until what?
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CCK stimulates contraction and emptying
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Is the gallbladder essential?
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NO
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What is the appearance of the gallbladder?
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Honeycombed
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What are the 3 components of the gallbladder?
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1. Epithelium
2. Lamina Propria 3. Muscularis propria |
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How does the function of the gallbladder differ from the lumin gut?
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Gall bladder can and DOES alter fluid concentration
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