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231 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
abdomen/o
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abdomen
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celi/o
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abdomen
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lapar/o
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abdomen
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an/o
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anus
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appendic/o
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appendix
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bil/i
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bile
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chol/e
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bile
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bucc/o
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cheek
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cheil/o
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lip
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col/o, colon/o
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colon
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cyst/o
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bladder or sac
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dent/i
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teeth
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doch/o
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duct
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duoden/o
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duodenum
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enter/o
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small intestine
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esophag/o
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esophagus
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gastr/o
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stomach
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gingiv/o
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gum
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gloss/o
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tongue
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lingu/o
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tongue
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hepat/o, hepatic/o
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liver
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herni/o
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hernia
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ile/o
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ileum
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inguin/o
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groin
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jejun/o
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jejunum (empty)
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lith/o
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stone
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or/o
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mouth
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stomat/o
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mouth
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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peritone/o
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peritoneum
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phag/o
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eat or swallow
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proct/o
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anus and rectum
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pylor/o
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pylorus (gatekeeper)
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rect/o
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rectum
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sial/o
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saliva
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sigmoid/o
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sigmoid colon (resembles)
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steat/o
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fat
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-emesis
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vomiting
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oral cavity
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cavity that receives food for digestion
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salivary glands
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three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: parotid, submandibular (submaxillary) and the sublingual glands
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cheeks
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lateral walls of the mouth
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lips
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fleshy structures surrounding the mouth
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palate
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structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into soft and hard palate
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uvula
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small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate
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tongue
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muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by band-like membrane known as the frenulum
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gums
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tissue covering the processes of the jaws
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teeth
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hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food
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pharynx
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throat; passageway for food traveling to esophagus and for air traveling to larynx
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esophagus
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muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach
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stomach
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sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus
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cardiac sphincter
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opening from esophagus to the stomach
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pyloric sphincter
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opening from the stomach to the duodenum
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small intestine
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smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach
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duodenum
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first portion of the small intestine
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jejunum
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second portion of the small intestine
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ileum
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third portion of the small intestine
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large intestine
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larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation
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cecum
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first part of the large intestine
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vermiform appendix
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worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection
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colon
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portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape
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ascending colon
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portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum
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transverse colon
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portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum
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descending colon
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portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon
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sigmoid colon
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portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum
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rectum
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distal (end) portion of the large intestine
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rectal ampulla
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dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal
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anus
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opening of the rectum to the outside of the body
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feces
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waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid
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defecation
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evacuation of feces from the rectum
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peritoneum
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membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)
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peritoneal cavity
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space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
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omentum
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extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs
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liver
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organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion
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gallbladder
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receptacle that stores and concentrates the biles produced in the liver
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pancreas
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gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
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biliary ducts
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ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts
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hypochondriac regions
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upper lateral regions beneath the ribs
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epigastric region
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upper middle region below the sternum
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lumbar regions
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middle lateral regions
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umbilical region
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region of the navel
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inguinal regions
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lower lateral groin regions
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hypogastric region
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region below the navel
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anorexia
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loss of appetite (orexia=appetite)
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aphagia
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inability to swallow
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ascites
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accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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buccal
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in the cheek
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diarrhea
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frequent loose or liquid stools
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constipation
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infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo=to press together)
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dyspepsia
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indigestion (pepsis= digestion)
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dysphagia
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difficulty in swallowing
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eructation
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belch
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flatulence
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gas in the stomach or intestines (flatus= a blowing)
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halitosis
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bad breath (halitus= breath)
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hematemesis
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vomiting blood
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hematochezia
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red blood in stool (chezo=defecate)
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hepatomegaly
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enlargement of the liver
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hyperbilirubinemia
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excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood
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icterus
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yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)
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jaundice
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yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)
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melena
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dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood
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nausea
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feeling sick in the stomach
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steatorrhea
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feces containing fat
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sublingual
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under the tongue
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hypoglossal
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under the tongue
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ankyloglossia
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tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o=crooked or stiff)
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cheilitis
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inflammation of the lip
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esophageal varices
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swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage
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esophagitis
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inflammation of the esophagus
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gastritis
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inflammation of the stomach
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal fxn of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus
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gingivitis
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inflammation of the gums
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glossitis
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inflammation of the tongue
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parotiditis, parotitis
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inflammation of the parotid gland; aka mumps
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peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
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sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the GI system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori (pept/o= to digest)
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gastric ulcer
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ulcer located in the stomach
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duodenal ulcer
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ulcer located in the duodenum
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pyloric stenosis
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narrowed condition of the pylorus
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sialoadenitis
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inflammation of a salivary gland
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stomatitis
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inflammation of the mouth
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anal fistula
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an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula=pipe)
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appendicitis
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inflammation of the appendix
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colitis
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inflammation of the colon (large intestine)
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ulcerative colitis
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chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations
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colorectal polyps
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benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy
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pediculated polyp
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polyp projected on a stalk (ped/o=foot)
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sessile polyp
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polyp lying flat on the surface (sessilis= low growing)
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diverticulum
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an abnormal side pocket in the GI tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber
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diverticulosis
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presence of diverticula in the GI tract, especially the colon
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diverticulitis
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inflammation of diverticula
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dysentery
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inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, blood stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (eg amebic dysentery)
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enteritis
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inflammation of the small intestine
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hemorrhoid
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swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois=a vein likely to bleed)
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hernia
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protrusion of a part from its normal location
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hiatal hernia
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protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm
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inguinal hernia
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protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region
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incarcerated hernia
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hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction
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strangulated hernia
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hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous
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umbilical hernia
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protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)
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ilelitis
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inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine
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intussusception
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prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus=within, suscipiens= to take up)
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peritonitis
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inflammation of the peritoneum
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proctitis
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inflammation of the rectum and the anus
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volvulus
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twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo= to roll)
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cholangitis
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inflammation of the bile ducts
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cholecystitis
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inflammation of the gallbladder
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choledocholithiasis
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presence of stones in the common bile duct
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cholelithiasis
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presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts
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cirrhosis
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chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho= yellow)
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hepatitis
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inflammation of the liver
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hepatitis A
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inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water
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hepatitis B
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inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids
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hepatitis C
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inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually
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pancreatitis
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inflammation of the pancreas
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Biopsy (Bx)
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removal and microscope study of tissue for pathological examination
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incisional biopsy
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removal of a portion of a lesion
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excisional biopsy
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removal of an entire lesion
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needle biopsy
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percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle (eg for liver biopsy)
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endoscopy
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examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or tx; used in Gi tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as bx, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions
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colonoscopy
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examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope
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proctoscopy
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examination of the rectum and anus with a protoscope
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sigmoidoscopy
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examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope
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esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to control hemorrhage, etc.
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capsule endoscopy
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examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine b/c of its length and complexity
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
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endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions etc
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laparoscopy
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examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the GI tract
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radiography
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x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
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upper GI series
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x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the pt has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium
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barium swallow
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x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects
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fluoroscopy
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x-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (eg during a barium swallow)
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small bowel series
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x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series
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lower GI series
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x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium
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barium enema
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x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing barium
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cholangiogram
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x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery
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cholecystogram
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x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine
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CT of the abdomen
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cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the GI tract
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sonography
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ultrasound imaging
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abdominal sonogram
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ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (eg liver, pancreas, aorta etc)
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endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
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images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower GI tracts and adjacent structures; also used to guide needle bx of tissue and in determining malignancy stage
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stool culture and sensitivity (C&S)
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isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to ID disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed
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stool occult blood study
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chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the GI tract
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abdominocentesis
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puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid
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abdominal paracentesis
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puncture of the abdomen for the aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (e.g., fluid accumulated in ascites)
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anal fistulectomy
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excision of an anal fistula
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anastomosis
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union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery
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appendectomy
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excision of a diseased appendix
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bariatric surgery
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treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food (baros = weight, iatric = pertains to treatment)
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cheiloplasty
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repair of the lip
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cholecystectomy
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excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease (e.g., cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis)
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laparoscopic cholecystectomy
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excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope
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colostomy
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creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions
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esophagoplasty
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repair of the esophagus
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gastrectomy
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partial or complete removal of the stomach
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gastric resection
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partial removal and repair of the stomach
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gastroenterostomy
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formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer
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glossectomy
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excision of all or part of the tongue
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glossorrhaphy
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suture of the tongue
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hemorrhoidectomy
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excision of hemorrhoids
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hepatic lobectomy
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excision of a lobe of the liver
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herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty
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repair of a hernia
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ileostomy
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surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for the ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (eg ulcerative colitis)
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laparoscopic surgery
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abdominal surgery using a laparoscope
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laparotomy
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incision into the abdomen
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pancreatectomy
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excision of the pancreas
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polypectomy
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excision of polyps
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proctoplasty
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repair of the anus and rectum
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gastric lavage
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oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and tx, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding (lavage=to wash)
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nasogastric (NG) intubation
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insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis
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Common Therapeutic Drug Classifications
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antacid
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drug that neutralizes stomach acid
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antiemetic
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drug that prevents or stops vomiting
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antispasmodic
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drug that decreases the motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea
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cathartic
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drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative
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Bx
|
biopsy
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C & S
|
Culture and sensitivity
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CT
|
Computed tomography
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EGD
|
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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ERCP
|
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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EUS
|
endoscopic ultrasonography
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GERD
|
gastroesophageal reflux disease
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GI
|
Gastrointestinal
|
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HAV
|
Hepatitis A virus
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HBV
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Hepatitis B virus
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HCV
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Hepatitis C virus
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LLQ
|
left lower quadrant
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LUQ
|
left upper quadrant
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MRI
|
magnetic resonance imaging
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NG
|
nasogastric
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PUD
|
peptic ulcer disease
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RLQ
|
right lower quadrant
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RUQ
|
right upper quadrant
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