Gi

Front 1

abdomen/o

Back 1

abdomen

Front 2

celi/o

Back 2

abdomen

Front 3

lapar/o

Back 3

abdomen

Front 4

an/o

Back 4

anus

Front 5

appendic/o

Back 5

appendix

Front 6

bil/i

Back 6

bile

Front 7

chol/e

Back 7

bile

Front 8

bucc/o

Back 8

cheek

Front 9

cheil/o

Back 9

lip

Front 10

col/o, colon/o

Back 10

colon

Front 11

cyst/o

Back 11

bladder or sac

Front 12

dent/i

Back 12

teeth

Front 13

doch/o

Back 13

duct

Front 14

duoden/o

Back 14

duodenum

Front 15

enter/o

Back 15

small intestine

Front 16

esophag/o

Back 16

esophagus

Front 17

gastr/o

Back 17

stomach

Front 18

gingiv/o

Back 18

gum

Front 19

gloss/o

Back 19

tongue

Front 20

lingu/o

Back 20

tongue

Front 21

hepat/o, hepatic/o

Back 21

liver

Front 22

herni/o

Back 22

hernia

Front 23

ile/o

Back 23

ileum

Front 24

inguin/o

Back 24

groin

Front 25

jejun/o

Back 25

jejunum (empty)

Front 26

lith/o

Back 26

stone

Front 27

or/o

Back 27

mouth

Front 28

stomat/o

Back 28

mouth

Front 29

pancreat/o

Back 29

pancreas

Front 30

peritone/o

Back 30

peritoneum

Front 31

phag/o

Back 31

eat or swallow

Front 32

proct/o

Back 32

anus and rectum

Front 33

pylor/o

Back 33

pylorus (gatekeeper)

Front 34

rect/o

Back 34

rectum

Front 35

sial/o

Back 35

saliva

Front 36

sigmoid/o

Back 36

sigmoid colon (resembles)

Front 37

steat/o

Back 37

fat

Front 38

-emesis

Back 38

vomiting

Front 39

oral cavity

Back 39

cavity that receives food for digestion

Front 40

salivary glands

Back 40

three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva: parotid, submandibular (submaxillary) and the sublingual glands

Front 41

cheeks

Back 41

lateral walls of the mouth

Front 42

lips

Back 42

fleshy structures surrounding the mouth

Front 43

palate

Back 43

structure that forms the roof of the mouth; divided into soft and hard palate

Front 44

uvula

Back 44

small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate

Front 45

tongue

Back 45

muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and secured by band-like membrane known as the frenulum

Front 46

gums

Back 46

tissue covering the processes of the jaws

Front 47

teeth

Back 47

hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food

Front 48

pharynx

Back 48

throat; passageway for food traveling to esophagus and for air traveling to larynx

Front 49

esophagus

Back 49

muscular tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach

Front 50

stomach

Back 50

sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus

Front 51

cardiac sphincter

Back 51

opening from esophagus to the stomach

Front 52

pyloric sphincter

Back 52

opening from the stomach to the duodenum

Front 53

small intestine

Back 53

smaller tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach

Front 54

duodenum

Back 54

first portion of the small intestine

Front 55

jejunum

Back 55

second portion of the small intestine

Front 56

ileum

Back 56

third portion of the small intestine

Front 57

large intestine

Back 57

larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation

Front 58

cecum

Back 58

first part of the large intestine

Front 59

vermiform appendix

Back 59

worm-like projection of lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function; may help to resist infection

Front 60

colon

Back 60

portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape

Front 61

ascending colon

Back 61

portion of the colon that extends upward from the cecum

Front 62

transverse colon

Back 62

portion of the colon that extends across from the ascending cecum

Front 63

descending colon

Back 63

portion of the colon that extends downward from the transverse colon

Front 64

sigmoid colon

Back 64

portion of the colon (resembling an "S" in shape) that terminates at the rectum

Front 65

rectum

Back 65

distal (end) portion of the large intestine

Front 66

rectal ampulla

Back 66

dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal

Front 67

anus

Back 67

opening of the rectum to the outside of the body

Front 68

feces

Back 68

waste formed by the absorption of water in the large intestine; usually solid

Front 69

defecation

Back 69

evacuation of feces from the rectum

Front 70

peritoneum

Back 70

membrane surrounding the entire abdominal cavity and consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and the visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)

Front 71

peritoneal cavity

Back 71

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Front 72

omentum

Back 72

extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs

Front 73

liver

Back 73

organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion

Front 74

gallbladder

Back 74

receptacle that stores and concentrates the biles produced in the liver

Front 75

pancreas

Back 75

gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food

Front 76

biliary ducts

Back 76

ducts that convey bile; include the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts

Front 77

hypochondriac regions

Back 77

upper lateral regions beneath the ribs

Front 78

epigastric region

Back 78

upper middle region below the sternum

Front 79

lumbar regions

Back 79

middle lateral regions

Front 80

umbilical region

Back 80

region of the navel

Front 81

inguinal regions

Back 81

lower lateral groin regions

Front 82

hypogastric region

Back 82

region below the navel

Front 83

anorexia

Back 83

loss of appetite (orexia=appetite)

Front 84

aphagia

Back 84

inability to swallow

Front 85

ascites

Back 85

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Front 86

buccal

Back 86

in the cheek

Front 87

diarrhea

Back 87

frequent loose or liquid stools

Front 88

constipation

Back 88

infrequent or incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass (constipo=to press together)

Front 89

dyspepsia

Back 89

indigestion (pepsis= digestion)

Front 90

dysphagia

Back 90

difficulty in swallowing

Front 91

eructation

Back 91

belch

Front 92

flatulence

Back 92

gas in the stomach or intestines (flatus= a blowing)

Front 93

halitosis

Back 93

bad breath (halitus= breath)

Front 94

hematemesis

Back 94

vomiting blood

Front 95

hematochezia

Back 95

red blood in stool (chezo=defecate)

Front 96

hepatomegaly

Back 96

enlargement of the liver

Front 97

hyperbilirubinemia

Back 97

excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood

Front 98

icterus

Back 98

yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)

Front 99

jaundice

Back 99

yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera (white of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood (jaundice=yellow)

Front 100

melena

Back 100

dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood

Front 101

nausea

Back 101

feeling sick in the stomach

Front 102

steatorrhea

Back 102

feces containing fat

Front 103

sublingual

Back 103

under the tongue

Front 104

hypoglossal

Back 104

under the tongue

Front 105

ankyloglossia

Back 105

tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum (ankyl/o=crooked or stiff)

Front 106

cheilitis

Back 106

inflammation of the lip

Front 107

esophageal varices

Back 107

swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus that are especially susceptible to ulceration and hemorrhage

Front 108

esophagitis

Back 108

inflammation of the esophagus

Front 109

gastritis

Back 109

inflammation of the stomach

Front 110

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 110

backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus, often resulting from abnormal fxn of the lower esophageal sphincter, causing burning pain in the esophagus

Front 111

gingivitis

Back 111

inflammation of the gums

Front 112

glossitis

Back 112

inflammation of the tongue

Front 113

parotiditis, parotitis

Back 113

inflammation of the parotid gland; aka mumps

Front 114

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Back 114

sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the GI system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori (pept/o= to digest)

Front 115

gastric ulcer

Back 115

ulcer located in the stomach

Front 116

duodenal ulcer

Back 116

ulcer located in the duodenum

Front 117

pyloric stenosis

Back 117

narrowed condition of the pylorus

Front 118

sialoadenitis

Back 118

inflammation of a salivary gland

Front 119

stomatitis

Back 119

inflammation of the mouth

Front 120

anal fistula

Back 120

an abnormal, tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum (fistula=pipe)

Front 121

appendicitis

Back 121

inflammation of the appendix

Front 122

colitis

Back 122

inflammation of the colon (large intestine)

Front 123

ulcerative colitis

Back 123

chronic inflammation of the colon with ulcerations

Front 124

colorectal polyps

Back 124

benign tissue growths on the mucous membrane lining the large intestine and rectum; adenomatous types are precancerous and likely to develop into malignancy

Front 125

pediculated polyp

Back 125

polyp projected on a stalk (ped/o=foot)

Front 126

sessile polyp

Back 126

polyp lying flat on the surface (sessilis= low growing)

Front 127

diverticulum

Back 127

an abnormal side pocket in the GI tract; usually related to a lack of dietary fiber

Front 128

diverticulosis

Back 128

presence of diverticula in the GI tract, especially the colon

Front 129

diverticulitis

Back 129

inflammation of diverticula

Front 130

dysentery

Back 130

inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, blood stools; most often caused by bacteria or protozoa (eg amebic dysentery)

Front 131

enteritis

Back 131

inflammation of the small intestine

Front 132

hemorrhoid

Back 132

swollen, twisted vein (varicosity) in the anal region (haimorrhois=a vein likely to bleed)

Front 133

hernia

Back 133

protrusion of a part from its normal location

Front 134

hiatal hernia

Back 134

protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm

Front 135

inguinal hernia

Back 135

protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layers of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region

Front 136

incarcerated hernia

Back 136

hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac, causing an obstruction

Front 137

strangulated hernia

Back 137

hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous

Front 138

umbilical hernia

Back 138

protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus (navel)

Front 139

ilelitis

Back 139

inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine

Front 140

intussusception

Back 140

prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part (intus=within, suscipiens= to take up)

Front 141

peritonitis

Back 141

inflammation of the peritoneum

Front 142

proctitis

Back 142

inflammation of the rectum and the anus

Front 143

volvulus

Back 143

twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction (volvo= to roll)

Front 144

cholangitis

Back 144

inflammation of the bile ducts

Front 145

cholecystitis

Back 145

inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 146

choledocholithiasis

Back 146

presence of stones in the common bile duct

Front 147

cholelithiasis

Back 147

presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

Front 148

cirrhosis

Back 148

chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue; most often caused by alcoholism or a nutritional deficiency (cirrho= yellow)

Front 149

hepatitis

Back 149

inflammation of the liver

Front 150

hepatitis A

Back 150

inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV) usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water

Front 151

hepatitis B

Back 151

inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids

Front 152

hepatitis C

Back 152

inflammation of the liver caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) which is transmitted by exposure to infected blood; this strain is rarely contracted sexually

Front 153

pancreatitis

Back 153

inflammation of the pancreas

Front 154

Biopsy (Bx)

Back 154

removal and microscope study of tissue for pathological examination

Front 155

incisional biopsy

Back 155

removal of a portion of a lesion

Front 156

excisional biopsy

Back 156

removal of an entire lesion

Front 157

needle biopsy

Back 157

percutaneous removal of tissue or fluid using a special, hollow needle (eg for liver biopsy)

Front 158

endoscopy

Back 158

examination within a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnosis or tx; used in Gi tract to detect abnormalities and to perform procedures such as bx, excision of lesions, and therapeutic interventions

Front 159

colonoscopy

Back 159

examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope

Front 160

proctoscopy

Back 160

examination of the rectum and anus with a protoscope

Front 161

sigmoidoscopy

Back 161

examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope

Front 162

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Back 162

examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, such as biopsy, excision of lesions, removal of swallowed objects, dilation of obstructions, stent placement, measures to control hemorrhage, etc.

Front 163

capsule endoscopy

Back 163

examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and then swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist-belt recorder and then downloaded onto a computer for assessment of possible abnormalities; traditional endoscopy cannot completely access the small intestine b/c of its length and complexity

Front 164

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Back 164

endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ducts of the liver, gallbladder, biliary ducts, and pancreas; includes use of instruments to obtain tissue samples, extract biliary stones, relieve obstructions etc

Front 165

laparoscopy

Back 165

examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope for diagnostic purposes and/or to perform surgery

Front 166

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 166

nonionizing imaging technique for visualizing the abdominal cavity to identify disease or deformity in the GI tract

Front 167

radiography

Back 167

x-ray imaging used to detect a condition or anomaly within the GI tract

Front 168

upper GI series

Back 168

x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the pt has swallowed a contrast medium; barium is the most commonly used medium

Front 169

barium swallow

Back 169

x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to locate swallowed objects

Front 170

fluoroscopy

Back 170

x-ray imaging with a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion (eg during a barium swallow)

Front 171

small bowel series

Back 171

x-ray examination of the small intestine; generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series

Front 172

lower GI series

Back 172

x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing a contrast medium

Front 173

barium enema

Back 173

x-ray imaging of the colon after administration of an enema containing barium

Front 174

cholangiogram

Back 174

x-ray image of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery

Front 175

cholecystogram

Back 175

x-ray image of the gallbladder obtained after oral ingestion of iodine

Front 176

CT of the abdomen

Back 176

cross-sectional x-ray imaging of the abdomen used to identify a condition or anomaly within the GI tract

Front 177

sonography

Back 177

ultrasound imaging

Front 178

abdominal sonogram

Back 178

ultrasound image of the abdomen to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures (eg liver, pancreas, aorta etc)

Front 179

endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

Back 179

images produced using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to evaluate abnormalities of the upper and lower GI tracts and adjacent structures; also used to guide needle bx of tissue and in determining malignancy stage

Front 180

stool culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Back 180

isolation of a stool specimen in a culture medium to ID disease-causing organisms; if organisms are present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed

Front 181

stool occult blood study

Back 181

chemical test of a stool specimen to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the GI tract

Front 182

abdominocentesis

Back 182

puncture of the abdomen for aspiration of fluid

Front 183

abdominal paracentesis

Back 183

puncture of the abdomen for the aspiration of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (e.g., fluid accumulated in ascites)

Front 184

anal fistulectomy

Back 184

excision of an anal fistula

Front 185

anastomosis

Back 185

union of two hollow vessels; a technique used in bowel surgery

Front 186

appendectomy

Back 186

excision of a diseased appendix

Front 187

bariatric surgery

Back 187

treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and or intestines; procedures include restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food (baros = weight, iatric = pertains to treatment)

Front 188

cheiloplasty

Back 188

repair of the lip

Front 189

cholecystectomy

Back 189

excision of the gallbladder; common treatment for symptomatic gallbladder disease (e.g., cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis)

Front 190

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Back 190

excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope

Front 191

colostomy

Back 191

creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wall to create an abdominal anus, allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions

Front 192

esophagoplasty

Back 192

repair of the esophagus

Front 193

gastrectomy

Back 193

partial or complete removal of the stomach

Front 194

gastric resection

Back 194

partial removal and repair of the stomach

Front 195

gastroenterostomy

Back 195

formation of an artificial opening between the stomach and small intestine; often performed at the time of gastrectomy to route food from the remainder of the stomach to the intestine; also performed to repair a perforated duodenal ulcer

Front 196

glossectomy

Back 196

excision of all or part of the tongue

Front 197

glossorrhaphy

Back 197

suture of the tongue

Front 198

hemorrhoidectomy

Back 198

excision of hemorrhoids

Front 199

hepatic lobectomy

Back 199

excision of a lobe of the liver

Front 200

herniorrhaphy or hernioplasty

Back 200

repair of a hernia

Front 201

ileostomy

Back 201

surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for the ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon, such as to treat chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (eg ulcerative colitis)

Front 202

laparoscopic surgery

Back 202

abdominal surgery using a laparoscope

Front 203

laparotomy

Back 203

incision into the abdomen

Front 204

pancreatectomy

Back 204

excision of the pancreas

Front 205

polypectomy

Back 205

excision of polyps

Front 206

proctoplasty

Back 206

repair of the anus and rectum

Front 207

gastric lavage

Back 207

oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and tx, such as to remove blood clots from the stomach or to monitor bleeding (lavage=to wash)

Front 208

nasogastric (NG) intubation

Back 208

insertion of a tube through the nose and into the stomach for various purposes, such as to obtain a gastric fluid specimen for analysis

Front 209

Common Therapeutic Drug Classifications

Front 210

antacid

Back 210

drug that neutralizes stomach acid

Front 211

antiemetic

Back 211

drug that prevents or stops vomiting

Front 212

antispasmodic

Back 212

drug that decreases the motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea

Front 213

cathartic

Back 213

drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative

Front 214

Bx

Back 214

biopsy

Front 215

C & S

Back 215

Culture and sensitivity

Front 216

CT

Back 216

Computed tomography

Front 217

EGD

Back 217

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Front 218

ERCP

Back 218

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Front 219

EUS

Back 219

endoscopic ultrasonography

Front 220

GERD

Back 220

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 221

GI

Back 221

Gastrointestinal

Front 222

HAV

Back 222

Hepatitis A virus

Front 223

HBV

Back 223

Hepatitis B virus

Front 224

HCV

Back 224

Hepatitis C virus

Front 225

LLQ

Back 225

left lower quadrant

Front 226

LUQ

Back 226

left upper quadrant

Front 227

MRI

Back 227

magnetic resonance imaging

Front 228

NG

Back 228

nasogastric

Front 229

PUD

Back 229

peptic ulcer disease

Front 230

RLQ

Back 230

right lower quadrant

Front 231

RUQ

Back 231

right upper quadrant