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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Places |
specific geographicsettings with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes |
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Regions |
territories that encompassmany places, all or most of which share attributes different from theattributes elsewhere |
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The Peters projection |
an equal area projection ofthe world map in an effort to offer an alternative to traditional projections –equal area and equal projections |
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site |
the physical attributes ofa location |
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Situation |
refers to the location of aplace relative to other places |
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cognitive images |
psychologicalrepresentations of locations that spring from peoples individuals ideas andimpressions of these locations |
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Absolute distance |
a physical measure that wemay count in kilometers |
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Relative distance |
measured in terms of time,effort or cost |
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Cognitive distance |
the distance the peopleperceive to exist in a given situation. Based on peoples personal judgmentsabout the degree of spatial separation between points |
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friction of distance |
reflection of the time andcost of overcoming distance |
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utility |
a specific place or location and its usefulnessto a particular group or person |
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absolute space |
a mathematical space, described through points,lines, areas, and planes whose relationships can be fixed precisely throughmathematical reasoning |
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Cognitive Space |
defined and measured interms of peoples values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about places andregions |
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Accessibility |
defined by geographers interms of relative location: the opportunity for contact or interaction from agiven point or location in relation to other locations – implies proximity ornearness |
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time space convergence |
the rate at which placesmove closer together in travel or communication time or costs |
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functional regions |
regions that, while theymay exhibit some variability in certain attributes, share an overall coherencein structure and economic, political, and social organization |
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regionalism |
a term used to describe situationin which different religious or ethnic groups with distinctive identitiescoexist within the same state boundaries, often concentrated within aparticular region and sharing strong feelings of collective identities |
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Irredentism |
the assertion by thegovernment of a country that is a minority living outside its formal bordersbelongs to its historically and culturally |
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Landscape |
a comprehensive product ofhuman action such hat every landscape is a complex repository of society |
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Sense of place |
the feelings evoked among peopleas a result of the experiences and memories they associate with a place and thesymbolism they attach to that place |
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Mini System |
society with a reciprocalsocial economy. That is, each individual specializes in particular tasks andshares any excess products with others |
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Hearth areas |
geographic settings wherenew practices have developed and from which they have spread |
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world empire |
a group of mini-systemsthat have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining theircultural differences |
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Hydraulic empires |
states in which despoticrulers organized labor intensive irrigation and drainage schemes that allowedfor significant increases in agricultural productivity |
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hinterland |
of a city or town – is thesphere of economic influence – the tributary area from which it collectsproducts for export and throughout which it distributes imports |
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World-system |
an interdependent system ofcountries linked by political and economic competition |
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colonialism |
the establishment andmaintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate andalien society |
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Core REgion |
are those that dominatetrade, control the most advanced technologies, and have the high levels ofproductivity within diversified economies |
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Periperhal region |
dependent and disadvantageoustrading relationships, obsolete technologies, and undeveloped or narrowlyspecialized economies with low levels of productivity |
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Semi Periperhal Region |
are able to exploitperipheral regions but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions |
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Leadership cycles |
periods of internationalpower established by individual states through economic, political, andmilitary competition – success in the world system depends on economic strengthand competitiveness |
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Hegemony |
the domination over theworld economy, exercised through a combination of economic, military,financial, and cultural means |
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Imperial overstretch |
when the dominant nation isweakened |
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Staples thesis |
the exports of Canada’s natural resources, orstaples, to more advanced economies has delayed the development of thiscountry’s economic and political and social systems: the value added in thesubsequent manufacture of products derived from those staples (and the profitsrealized) accrued not to this country but to the manufacturers in Britain andthe United States. |
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ethnocentrism |
theattitude that one’s own race and culture are superior to those of others |
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environmental determinism |
doctrine holding that humanactivities are shaped and constrained by the environment |
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Neo Coloniasm |
economic and political strategiesby which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend theirinfluence over other areas or people. Instead of formal, direct rule, controlis exerted through such strategies as international financial regulations,commercial relations, military aid and cooperation, and covert intelligenceoperations |
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Transnational corporations |
have investments and activitiesthat span international boundaries, with subsidiary companies, factories,offices, or facilities in several countries |
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globalization |
the increasinginterconnectedness of various parts of the world through common processes ofeconomic, environmental, political and cultural change |
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commodity chains |
networks of labor andproduction processes that originate in the extraction or production of rawmaterials and whose end result is delivery and consumption of a finishedcommodity |
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sustainable development |
“development that meets theneeds of the present without compromising the ability of future generations tomeet their own needs” |
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pandemic |
an epidemic that spreadsrapidly around the world with high rates of illness and death |
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Fast world |
consist of people, placesand regions directly involved, as producers and consumers, in transnationalindustry, modern telecommunications, materialistic consumption, andinternational news and entertainment |
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slow world |
consists of the people, places, and regionswhose participation is limited- Inequalities between the fast world and the slowworld are the result of a digital divide:the inequality of access to telecommunications and information technology |
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population momentum |
large, youthful populations ensure that populations in perhiperal countries will continue to grow in absolute numbers for few more decades |
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70 divided by the growth rate in percent |
how to calculate doubling time |
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demography |
the study of the characteristics of human population |
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census |
count of the number of people in a country - also gathers additional info about the population |
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biometric census |
individuals are photographed and fingerprinted to create a national database |
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factors that effect population distribution |
- degree of accessibility - topography - soil fertility - climate and weather - water availability and quality - other natural resources |
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Crude density |
the total number of people divided by the total land area |
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dependency ratio |
a measure of the economic impact of the young and old on the more economically productive members of the population |
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youth cohort |
- less than 15 years of age - to young to be fully active in labor force |
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middle cohort |
-aged 15-64 - economically active and prodcutive |
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old-age cohort |
- aged 65+ - beyond their economically active and productive years |
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Growth = Births - Deaths + (Immigration - Emmigration) |
how to calculate population growth |
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Crude birth rate |
the number of live births in a single year for every thousand people in the population |
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Total fertility rate |
a measure of the average number of children a woman will have throughout the years that demographers have identified as childbearing years |
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crude death rate |
the number of deaths in one year for every thousand people in the population |
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Net migration |
the gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of the migration |
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west |
Canada was first settled from the ____ |
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transnational migrants |
set up homes or work in more than one country - maintain ties with their country of origin while taking advantage of opportunities elsewhere |
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eco-migration |
population movement caused by the degradation of land and essential natural resources |
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Thomas Robert Malthus |
"the passion between the sexes is indefinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce subsistence" |
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Neo liberalism |
promotes a reduction in the role and budgets of governments, including reduced subsidies and the privatization of for melt publicly owned and operated concerns such as utilities |
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epidemiological transition |
a theory stating that the prevailing form os illness changed from infectious to degenerative types a the demographic transition occured |
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ecological footprint |
a measure of the biologically productive land area required to support a given population by providing for its needs and absorbing its wastes. |
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impact on earths resources = population X affluence X technology |
I=PAT |
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cultural ecology |
the study of how human society has adapted to environmental challenges such as aridity and steep slopes through technologies such as irrigation and terracing and organizing people to construct and maintain these systems |
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romanticism |
a philosophy that emphasized the interdependence and relatedness between humans and nature and saw all the creatures as infused with a divine presence |
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Conservation |
holds that natural resources should be used thoughtfully and that humans should serve as stewards, not exploiters of the natural world |
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preservation |
advocates that certain habitats, species and resources should remain off-limits to human use, regardless of whether the use maintains or depletes the resource in question |
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deep ecology |
an approach to nature revolving around two key components: self realization and biospherical egalitariansim |
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ecotheology |
fear that science may not be capable of inspiring the changes in behaviour necessary to thwart continuing environmental destruction |
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Animistic approaches to nature |
natural phenomena - possess an indwelling spirit or consciousness |
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virgin soil epidemics |
population at risk has no natural immunity or previous exposure to the disease within the lifetime of the oldest member of the group |
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columbian exchange |
the interaction between the old world and the new world initiated by the voyages of columbus |
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anthropocene |
modern geological era during which humans have dramatically affected the global enviornment |
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ecological imperialism |
the introduction of exotic plants and animals into new ecosystems |
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hydraulic fracturing |
injects a high pressurized mixture of water, sand and chemicals into bedrock layers to create artificial fractures that allow oil and gas to flow to the borehole and be extracted |
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5 categories of land |
- forest - cultivated land - grass land -wetlands - area of settlements |
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global change |
describes the combination of political, economic, social, historical, and environmental problems with which humans beings across earth must certainly contend |
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bioprospecting |
the scientific or commercial practice of searching for a useful application, process, or product in nature, often in extreme environments |
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culture |
a shared set of meanings that is lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life |
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cultural geography |
focuses on the way space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place and landscape |
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folk culture |
the traditional practices of small groups, especially rural people with a simple lifestyle |
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popular culture |
the practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are often heterogeneous and change frequently, often in response to commercial products |
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cultural complex |
the combination of traits characteristics of a particular group |
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Religion |
a belief system and a set of practices that recognize the existence of a power higher than humankind |
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diaspora |
the spatial dispersion of a previously homogenous group |
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Muslim |
religion in which the duty is obedience and submission to the will of god |
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amerindian, Na-dene and eskimo-aleut |
three groups of indigenous languages |
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language family |
collection of languages believed to be related in prehistorical origin |
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language branch |
collection of languages that possess a definite common origin |
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language group |
collection of languages that are a part of the same language branch, share a common origin and have relatively similar grammar and vocabulary |
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cultural nationalism |
in an effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impact of globalization |
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ethnicity |
a socially created system of rules about who belongs to particular group based upon actual or perceived commonalities, such as language or religion |
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Actor network (ANT) |
theory that views the world as composed of "heterogenous things" including humans and non humans and objects |
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non-reprisational theory |
understand human life as a process that is always unfolding, always becoming something different, even if slightly so |
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affect |
emotions that are embodied reactions to the social and physical enviornment |
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physical geography |
the study of earths natural processes and their outcomes |
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regional geography |
the study of the way that unique combinations of enviornmental and human factors produce territotries with distinctive landscapes and cultural atrributes |
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five concepts that are key to spatial analysis |
- location - distance - space -accessibility - spatial interaction |
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time space convergence |
the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs |
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expansion diffusion |
phenomenon spreads because of the proximity of carriers who are in their fixed location |
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hierarchical diffusion |
phenomenon can be diffused from one location to another without spreading to places in between |
