Getting Started - Chapter 1

Front 1

What are the three components of Physical Rehab?

Back 1

Anatomy

Biomechanics

Physiology

Front 2

Define Anatomy

Back 2

Science of the shape and structure of the human body

Front 3

Define biomechanics

Back 3

Uses principles of physicstoquantitatively study how forces interact within aliving body

Front 4

Define Physiology

Back 4

Biologic Study of living organisms

Front 5

Kinematics

Back 5

Branch of mechanics that describes the motion of body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce the motion

Front 6

What is Linear Motion

Back 6

All parts of rigid body move parallel to and in same direction as every other part of the body.

May occur in Straight Line (Rectilinear)

Or Curved Line (Curvilinear)

Front 7

What is Rotation

Back 7

Rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point.

Front 8

What is the Axis of Rotation

Back 8

Pivot point for angular motion

Motion of rotation is zero at the axis

Front 9

What are the Units of Measurements

Back 9

Translation

-Meter (SI)

-Feet (English)

Rotation

-Radians (SI)

-Degrees (English)

Front 10

What are the 3 cardinal planes

Back 10

Sagittal - Flexion/Extension

Frontal - Abd/Add

Horizontal - Rotation

Front 11

What axis of rotation does the shoulder have?

Back 11

All 3 axes of rotation - due to imperfect shape of the bones in our joints, the axes will move

Front 12

What are the degrees of freedom?

Back 12

# of independent direction of movement allowed.

Shoulder - 3

Wrist - 2

Elbow - 1

Front 13

What are asscesory movement

Back 13

Transnational movements - Linear

Must occur to allow motion at the joint.

Front 14

What is implied by increased translation

Back 14

Ligament Laxity

Increased Instability

Hypermobile

Flexibility

Front 15

What is the Kinematic chain

Back 15

Series of segmented links such as the pelvis, trunk, shoulders, elbows, and wrists.

Example - Golf Swing

Front 16

Define open chain

Back 16

Refers to the hand or foot being free to move

Arm curl/Leg extension

Front 17

Define close chain

Back 17

Refers to the hand or foot being fixed

coming up from a squat

Front 18

Define Osteokinematics

Back 18

Artiulcation of two or more bony/limb segments "joint"

Distal on Proximal (femur on proximal tibia)

Front 19

Define arthrokinematics

Back 19

Motion that occurs between the articular surfaces of the joints

roll, slide, spin

Front 20

Define Roll

Back 20

Occurs when the points of contact of the joint are constantly changing.

same direction as the motion of the bone

Defined by long axis of the bone

Extension

Front 21

Define Slide

Back 21

Occurs on one point online

Determined by the direction of the joint surface

Front 22

Define Spin

Back 22

Occurs when the axis remains stationary

happens in external/Internal rotation and pronation/supination

Front 23

Convex moving on concave

Back 23

Roll and slide move in opposite directions

ex: bending knee FEMUR

-posterior roll

-antertior slide

Front 24

Concave moving on convex

Back 24

Roll and slide moving in the same direction

Tibia roll and slide anterior.

Front 25

Example of Pronation

Back 25

Head of the radius on the capitulumm of the humerus

+ compressive forces

SPIN

Front 26

Example of Roll Slide and Spin

Back 26

Knee Extension. Femur internally (Tibia External) rotates during last 30 degree to allow for full extension

Front 27

What are kinetics

Back 27

Branch ofmechanics thatdescribes theeffects of forcesonthe body

Forces are push or pull on an object that can stop or modify movements

Front 28

Newtons Second Law

Back 28

F=ma

If mass is constant the F is direction proppotional to acceleration

Front 29

When does F = 0

Back 29

Acceleration = 0 // Equilibrium

Front 30

Define Force/Load

Back 30

Move, Fixate, or stablize

Tension, Compresion, Bending, Shear, Torsion, Combined loading

Front 31

Healthy vs Weakened Tissue and change

Back 31

H: able to partially resist change

W: may not be able to adapt

Front 32

Define Viscoelastic

Back 32

Physical properties associated with stress-strain curve change as a function of time.

Front 33

Stress-Strain Relationship

Back 33

KNOW THE GRAPH

Toe Region - laxity of tissue

Linear/Elastic Region - stress

Yield Point - cannot go beyond without change

Plastic region - perm change

Ultimate failure - complete rupture

Front 34

What is Creep

Back 34

Progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time

Front 35

Internal Forces vs External Forces?

Back 35

Int: Produced by structures located within the body.

-Active - stim muscle

-Passive - tension in stretched periarticular tissue

Ext: Produced by forces acting outside the body

-Gravity//Ext Load//Physical Contact

Front 36

What is a Vector

Back 36

Quantity specified by magnitude and direction

Length as important as magnitude

Front 37

What is Static Wuilibrium

Back 37

When both forces are equal

Holding elbow in flexion

Front 38

Define Torque

Back 38

Product of Force x Moment arm

MA: perp distance between axis of rotation and foce

Where you push is important

Front 39

Muscle and joint interaction with Force

Back 39

Force with MA will cause torque, and produce movement (rotation)

Force w/o MA will not cause Toque and no rotation

Front 40

Define Isometrics

Back 40

Muscle producing a pulling force while maintain constant length

No motion

Front 41

Define Concentric motion

Back 41

Muscle produces a pulling force as it contracts (shortens)

Int Torq > Ext Torq Producing rotation in the direction of pull of activated muscle

Front 42

Define Eccentric motion

Back 42

Muscle produces a pulling force as it is being elongated

Ext Torq > Int Torq - joint rotates in direction of larger ext torque

Front 43

Define Contraction

Back 43

When am uscle is activated/stimulated by nervous system

"Draw together"

Front 44

Define Agonist

Back 44

Muscle group most directly related to a movement

Front 45

Define Antagonist

Back 45

Muscle group that has an opposite action of a particular agonist

Front 46

Define Synergist

Back 46

Muscles that cooperate during a particular movement

Ex: FCU/FCR work together to flex wrist

Front 47

Define Force Couples

Back 47

Tow or more muscle produce forces is IN different linear direction yet resultant torque is in the same rotary direction

Front 48

Define Level

Back 48

"raise up"

Int and Ext forces produce torques through a system of bony levers in the body

Front 49

What is a first class lever?

Back 49

Int and Ext forces typically act in similar linear directions, although the y produce torques in opposing rotary direction

Front 50

Example of First class lever

Back 50

Gravity pushing on head and extensor muscle holding it up

Front 51

What is a second class lever?

Back 51

Axis of rotation located at one end of a bone and muscle force is greater than external force.

uncommon in MSK system

Front 52

Example of Second Class Lever

Back 52

Coming up on toes

Axis: MTP Joints

Ext. Force: Body Weight

Int Force: Gastroc-soleus complex

Front 53

What is a third class lever

Back 53

Axis of rotation at one end of a bone and ext force has greater leverage

Most common

Front 54

Example of third class lever

Back 54

Bicep Curl

Front 55

What is the mechanical advantage of the levers?

Back 55

MA = IMA/EMA

1st: MA =, < or > 1

2nd: MA > 1

3rd: MA <1

Front 56

Define Force and work

Back 56

Work = Force x Distance