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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is gerontology?
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the biopsychosocial aspect of aging
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What is a subset of gerontology and describe?
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geriatrics: study of prevention, cure of aging; encountered mainly by physicians and nurse
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What is chronological age?
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# of years that has elapsed since after birth.
"How old are you?" |
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What is biological age?
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the age that particular organs look like.
ex. you are 20 years old, but your kidney looks like what a 50 year olds' kidney looks like. |
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What is psychologic age?
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chages sensory/perceptual process in mental fxn (memory and learning) adaptive capacity and personality.
ex) you are 50, but mathematical fxns like a 20 year old. -no personality changes |
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What is sociologic age?
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changes of roles in society and relationships
(family/friends/orgs[church, work, groups]) |
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Define cohort and give example.
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-# individuals born at the certain time: born same year, group of 5 years, any period really (but better if shorter) [decades]
ex) typical generations: baby boomers, generation X |
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Define senescence
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the changes that occur after maturity.
period of development: 0-20yrs old period of maturity: 20-30 onset of senescence: 30-death |
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Give the terms and ages for the senescence scale.
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65-74: young old
75-84: old old 85 and up: oldest old |
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Who usually live longer, men or women?
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women
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From the oldest oldest what is the new fast growing category?
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centerians (people over 100)
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What is rectangularization?
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The ages graphs of male and females become less like a pyramid due to the increase of older ages.
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Why is there an increase of older people in florida? In the northern states such as montana and North/south dakota?
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Florida: older people migrate there due to the wheather and no state income tax.
Other states: younger people leave the state. |
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Define Life Expectancy
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the # of years expected to live given the reference point of 0 (birth).
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What was life expectancy in 1900, 1996, and 2005
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1900: 47 years old
1996: 75 years old 2005: 78 years old |
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Why has life expectancy increased through out the year?
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A lot of it is due to the medical advances and public health and health care
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What is the life expectancy in 1900's compared to 2005 once you reach the age of 85 years old?
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both live 4 or 5 more years.....once you reach a certain age life expectancy is equal.
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Define maximum life span.
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the age of death of the last remaining member of a cohort.
last one dies that is the maximum age for the life span. |
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What are humans maximum life span?
What is the oldest age recorded for humans? what is the gender? |
max lifespan is roughly 115
oldest: 122 female |
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Due to the new technologies and medical advances can people live much longer between 2000-2100 then now?
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most likely not because it is too close to the life span.
mutable age is 115: the quality of life decreases. |
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Describe the dependency ratios
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# of individuals under 20 supported by someone between 20-65(working age): decreasing (young-age dependency)
# of individuals over 65 supported by people 20-65 (working age) is increasing (old age-dependency) due to large amount of people aging. |
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What are the three major development periods?
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1. young adult (age 20-40)
2. middle age (40-60) 3. late (65 and older) |
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Baltimore Longitudinal Study
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began in 1958
relates physical capabilities through life span. started 600 healthy males (20-96) females were added in 1978 |
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Duke University
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1955
older adults followed over time for about 20 years |
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What are 3 experimental designs and which are the most commonly used.
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longitudinal, cross-sectional, and time-lag
2 most commonly used is longitudinal and cross-sctional |
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describe longitudinal study
-advantages -disadvantages -corrective step |
follows one age group at different moments of time.
measure developments -A: measures age changes and therefore "development" -D: effects aging cant be separated from historical change. takes many years to complete EXPENSIVE original test can be outdated -CS:Devote resources to maintain the respondents in the study use alternate forms of test to avoid practice effects |
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describe cross-sectional study
-advantages -disadvantages -corrective step |
follow different age groups for one moment of time
-A: quick and inexpensive latest theories can be tested -D: measures differences between age groups and not changes over time. results may reflect cohort differences, not differences due to aging |
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what is time-lag
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measures same age group of individuals over a function of time
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There are many theories to why a person ages, what are the three theories we talked about in class?
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1. telomere theory: changes in genes cause molecular changes in parts of the cell (telemeres) which cause cellular senedcence and cell lost ability to divide.
2. wear and tear theory: stresses of everday life erodes biochemical processes that take place in the cells, reulting in death. 3. free radical theory: chemical reaction with oxygen causes unstable "free radicals" that unite with other molecules and interfere with their functioning. |
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In the body what increases, decreases, and doesnt not change?
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fat increases
tissue, bone, intracellular h2o decrease extracellular h2o stays the same |
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What is the epidermis?
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The outer layer of the skin, and it replenishes itself by shedding dead and replacing with new.
-once you get older this process becomes slower. |
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What is the dermis?
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connective tissue, this gets thinner as we age, so the skin becomes less elastic.
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Wound healing:
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this process becomes slower in older adults, basic function however is still preserved and remains in tact
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What are subaceous glands and sweat glands?
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subaceous glands secretes oils, and sweat glands secrete fluids. these are a part of the dermis, and deteriorate with age, the skin becomes drier and perspire less.
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Due to reduction in blood skin circulation what occurs?
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more sensitive to heat and cold, vulnerable to hypo and hyperthermia: heat stroke
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appearance and texture of hair:
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thinner and decreases in diameter.
-loose 60 strands per day in youth and adulthood and replaced by gender related hormones, but as we age more loss than replaced (particular in men, but can happen in women too) -hair looses pigment and becomes grey or completely white |
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loss of hair condition in men
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male pattern baldness: inherited by mothers.
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Height
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older adults become shorter, women loose 2 inches and men loose about 1.25 inches.
(greater loss, greater incidence of bone loss) |
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weight
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gain weight, loose weight
basal metabolism slows about 3% every 10 years and therefore many adults eat the same foods that they ate when they were younger and leads to weight gain less food is converted into energy people are not as physically active = net weight gain weight levels off and then declines--> eat less than middle age adults |
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VOICE
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lowers in pitch, can decrease 2- 3 notes on a scale
loss of muscle control |
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head
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accumulation of cartilage on the head, nose grows half inch wider and longer by age 70.
ear lobes fatter and lobes grow a forth of an inch larger. head circumfrance increases skull: increase 1/4 inch every 10 years as thickens (age 20, 1/2 thicker from birth, 2 inches bigger when age 80) |
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Skeletal Muscle
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decrease strength, tone, flexibility replaced by connective tissue (stiff)
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Muscles
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strength decreases 40-50, lower by 10% by age 70
injured muscles slower to heal grip strength and flexibility declines |
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so what happens if you are stronger or weaker
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men lowest group strength in middle ages higher probability dying early, vice versa stronger, low probability dying, so increase muscle strength, greater physiological and muscle perserve
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What is osteoblast and osteoclast?
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blast: makes bone
clast: absorbs/takes away |
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bone:
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deposit of calcium phosphate and carbonate: osteoblast, take calcium and nutrients from blood
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Decrease in height.....
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due to the other cells osteoclast, decrease in height, physicians prescribe calcium supplements to help increase bone.
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decrease of bone....
consequence... what to do? |
genetic factors and hormonal factors 40% of bone loss, individuals parents bone loss, childeren will experience also.
menopause results in bone loss C: hip fractures (falls) estimate 1/4 million hospitalized from hip fractures--> 30-40% older they suffer longer term of disability -exercise, loss bone mass can be helped. proven that women who exercise with a weighted vest, can gain bone density compared to women who did not. |
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what is systolic and diatolic?
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S: heart contracts
D: heart fills with blood |
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when you get older what happens to blood pressure?
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S: increases
D: stays the same avg: 25-34 females (117/75) males (126/81) age 65 females (153/86) males (147/85) |
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heart
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becomes larger (ventricular wall thickens)
high chemical lipofusion--> reliable indicator of age and increases in the brain (as we know, no known physiological correlation) |
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blood vessels
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veins and arteries calcification (accumulation of plague)
less efficient contraction give rise to high blood pressure |
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cardiac output
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decrease, drop 30-40% by age 65 athersclerosis: arteries stiffer less flexible
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respiratory system
**diseases** |
-muscles involved: weaker with age..result lungs reduce ability to expand fully
max capacity age 20-25, decline age 40 avg. output of amount of air is about 1% per year age 20: 7 quarts of air to breathe in age 70: 3 quarts disease: emphysema: tired sooner and earlier |
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digestive system
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surface spitheymal changes
loss of bone jaws and teeth--> can be loose and fall out sources of back bacterial infection |
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stomach lining:
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atrophy: 2 nutrients vitamin B12 and iron affected...less of two are absorbed
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colon
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decrease fxn
parastolic: excessive contractions and relaxation |
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changes of intestine
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decrease loss of h2o
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liver
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responsible for metabolism of drugs/foreign substances
drink too much alcohol exceed to metabolize: serosis: less fxnal a lot of redundancy can loose a lot of liver and can regenerate produce proper functioning again, 80% can be removed without destroying fxning and can reserve fxn |
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kidneys
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decrease weight and urine 30-40% glomeruli
decrease 1% each year after 40 |
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bladder
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looses 50% of capacity by age 65 years
consequence cant hold normal volume of fluid, can no longer completely empty extreme: loss of muscle tone, urinary incompetence cannot control where and when |
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reproduction: females
-menarche -menopause |
- occurs during puberty
-varies among women (usually in middle ages), early onset decrease life span |
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reproduction: males
-andropause |
occurs long period of time
slower rate of change -relatively old men for reproductive capacity **oldest man to father a child was 94 years old** |
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immune system
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-more susceptible to insights that increase mortality
-changes thymus (occurs after puberty): manufacturing cells in immune system shrink -can only be 5% of original size |
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changes in nervous system
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brain decreases size and weight by 5%
-much loss of neurons, but there is not much effect on the brain's fxn |
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sleep disorder
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suffer from insomnia (cant sleep) wake up and have trouble (take more naps during the day)
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sleep apnea
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respiration stops about 10 seconds
CO2 levels increases and awakens individual automatically happens more in older people |
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nocturnal myoclonus
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sleeper legs twitches or jerks every 20-40 seconds
-can produce brief awakening and can have sleep disturbances and restroom breaks happens more in older people |
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dream patterns
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comparison of dreams, length no difference, content older less visual imagery and fewer dream themes
younger more emotional content: enjoyment |
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dreams men vs. women
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men: dream more of males, more black and white
women: more enjoyment and excitement, more vivid colors, stronger emotions anger and fear, different emotions |
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cardiovascular effects
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max heart rate achievable by age with exercise
(220-age in years) |
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the eye
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has lens and retina (photo sensitive): aqueus humor and viterious humor
-poorer and poorer acuity (see distant objects) |
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presbyopia
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difficulty seeing objects close up
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Older people have a difficulty see light.....
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(pupil doesnt open as wide and adjustment dark-->light harder)
muscle and conduction speed slows |
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distinction of colors
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blue from green more difficult
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glare
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light bounces of surface: increasingly sensitive
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stats for eyeimpairments
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over age 65 1/6
over 75 1/4 |
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glaucoma
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build up of fluid in aqueous humor causes increase pressure in eye can have permanent damage on retina, optic nerve and lens
-blindness can be percieved (treatment/surgery) need to unblock passages so fluid can leak out (doesnt produce very early symptoms so always be tested) |
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senile macular degeneration
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-neurons center part of retina do not work properly
-can be treated with surgery (later) |
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diabetic retinopathy
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long term condition of diabetics, build up of glucose
diabetes is frequent retinal detachment |
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hearing thresholds:
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lessens...need more intense sound to hear same noise when age 30 to 80
-higher pitch sounds lower or lost in age |
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what is presbycusis?
tinnitus? |
- deafness
-ringing in the ears |
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tate
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thresholds for detecting different tastes can elevated
-overall taste is well reserved as ppl get older |
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what is BMI and how do you calculate it?
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body mass index......can contribute to heart disease
weight in kg/ height m squared |
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what is the BMI obese, overweight
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o: 30 and above
oW: 25-30 -cancer increases -cardiovascular increases and all other causes |
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What chronic conditions contribute to mortality and can reduce the quality of life?
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diabetes, visual impairments, chronic sinuses, orthepedic impairment, cataracts, heart disease, hearing, hypertension, arthrisits
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pineal gland
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reproduce maturations bodily rhythms
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hypothalamus
- anterior pituitary gland -posterior pituitary gland |
brain: a lot of importance
AP: affects hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads, and growth PP: H2O balance, salt balance |
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thyroid
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growth and development meatabolic rate
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adrenal gland
adrenal cortex (outer bark) adrenal medulla |
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-salt and carbs metabolism, inflamatory reactions -emotional arousal |
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pancreas
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sugar metabolism
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gonads
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body development
maintenence os reproductive organs in adults |
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What are the six hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary to the body?
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TSH: tropic stimulating hormone
ACTH: adrenal cortical trophic hormone FSH: folicle stimulating hormone LH: leutenizing hormone GH: growth hormone prolactin |
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What happens to growth hormone after adult hood?
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the production rate declines by 14%
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What is IGF1
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insulin like growth factor: metabolism protein, lipids
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define somatopause
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decrease (stop) in body
age related changes in the body |
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correlation of ACTH and stress
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produced from the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal gland.
this produces cortisol (glutocorticoid hormone) cortisol levels is what produces stress. |
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too much cortisol bad?
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too much ACTH and cortisol can be bad for tissue, destruction of the thymes gland (tissue) immune response, break down protein, impairment of sleep
high levels in blood damage brain STM (hippocampus) so too much stress can affect the rate of aging to decreased tissue |
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thyroid hormone
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metabolic rate because weight gain slows caloric rate slows
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pineal gland
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manufactures melatonin
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what does melatonin do?
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synchronization circadian rhythm
ex) testoerone levels have a circadian rhythm, low in the morning between 10am-4, and increase after 4pm this decreases in adult hood b/c changes sleep patterns older adults' sleep patterns are disrupted |
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What 2 hormones are involved with mestration?
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FSH and LH
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describes female process
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FSH is high after menstral cycle: produces cells (ovarian follicles grow around individual egg) follicle releases estrogens: stimulates hypothalamus and then release of LH and more FSH: due to release follicle ruptures and release egg.
-develops corpus leuteium, progesterone prepares lining of uterus ovvum goes into fallopian tubes, if not fertilized hormones go down and the lining shed and process starts over again. |
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How many eggs is a female born with?
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about 3.5 million: decline of ova available for reproduction
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How many times is it estimated that a women ovulates?
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about 500 times in a life time
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connection of longevity and and menstration and menopause
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it is shown, not by a lot of number but it is shown that the earlier you receive your period the shorter life span, and earlier onset of menopause shorter life there after
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Males:
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testicular volume increases, ejaculation decreases: motility of sperm go down, but volume is high.
reason men can be reproducing offspring in old age |
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andropause vs. menopause
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A: changes longer time course
M: shorter time course |
