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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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snellen chart readings= visual impairment
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20/40
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% men and women over 85 with visual impairment
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men=27%
women = 33% |
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what causes presbyopia?
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the lens of the eye (normally flexible) losses elasticity --> loss in refractive ability of the eye
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myopic
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near sighted
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hyperopic
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farsighted
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keratoconjunctivitis sicca
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diminished tear production
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xerophthalmia
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scratchy feeling in eye
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4 meds that can cause dry eye...
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antihistamines
diuretics sleep aids bet-blockers |
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sjorgens syndrome
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cell-mediated auto immune disease that can cause decreased lacrimal gland activity
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glaucoma is...
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increased intraocular pressure
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more than 2/3rds have what kind of glaucoma?
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primary open-angle glaucoma
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what type of glaucoma is an emergency?
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acute angle-closure glaucoma
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in acute glaucoma pressure exceeds...
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50 mmHG
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first line drug therapy for glaucoma
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beta-blockers
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laser surgery for glaucoma is called
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trabeculoplasty
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cataracts are caused by...(2)
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oxidative damage to lens protein
fatty deposits in the ocular lens |
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fatty deposits in cataracts called...
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lipofuscin
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cataracts is when visual acuity is _____ in the central axis of vision
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20/30
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cardinal sign of cataracts...
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halo's around objects
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what does cataracts look like (2)
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cloudy ocular lens
absent, or black red reflex |
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source of diabetic retinopathy
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microaneurysims in retina caused by high blood sugar that cuts off oxygen and nutrients
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leading cause of vision loss in those over 65 years
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age-related macular degeneration
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macular degeneration causes a loss in _____ vision leaving ______ vision
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central, peripheral
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with macular degeneration what is used to determine clarity of vision
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a Amsler grid
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color is assessed usuing _____ chart
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Ishihara chart
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distance vision is assessed by ______ chart
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snellen
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near vision is assessed by ______ chart
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Rosenbaum chart
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mydriatics do what?
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dilate pupils
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mydriatics are used for...
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intraocular examinations
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example of a mydriatic...
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phenylephrine
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miotics...
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constrict pupils
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miotics are used for...
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glaucoma
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an example of miotics
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pilocarpine (pilocar)
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cyclopegics
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dilate pupils and paralyze ciliary muscle
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carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
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decresae aqueous humor productions
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beta blocker
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decreases aqueous humor production
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osmotic diuretics
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reduces edema, decreases fluid production and pressure within eye
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prostaglandin analog
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increases aqueous humor flow by relaxing ciliary muscle
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alpha2- andrenergic agonists
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reduces aqueous humor productions
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osteoporosis is characterized by....(2)
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low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue with consequesnt increase in bone fragility and susceptibility fracture
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osteoporosis is traditionally diagnosed in the presence of (2)
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BMD bone mineral density
existence of low-trauma fractures |
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secondary osteoporosis is caused by
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other Dz states or med use that decreases bone mass
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Glucocorticoid (GC) excess directly damages _______
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bone
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how many american men soffuer from osteoporosis?
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2 million
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what % of men will suffer a fracter related to osteoporosis?
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13%
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______ of men with a hip fracture die within a year
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1/3
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DEXA are more reliable than...
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more reliable than routine x rays
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T-scores measure _____ ________
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bone density
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DEXA has low ________ exposure
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radiation
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what are 3 susceptible fracture sights?
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spine, hip, wrist
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kyphosis is characterized by.....
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forward curvature in the spine
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curve in spine in kyphosis is called...
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dowager's hump
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curve in spine in Kyphosis is caused by
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collapse of spinal vertebrae
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6 common drugs to treate osteoporosis
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fosamax
actonel evista miacalcin forteo boniva |
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fosamax is usually used for...
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postmenopausal OP
male OP glucocorticoid induced OP pagets Dz of the bone |
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after taking fosamax patient should be _____ for _____ hour
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upright for 1 hour
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adverse effects of fosamax
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esophagitis, GERD
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Actonel does what in post menopausal women...
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increases BMD and reduces fracture risk, especially in vertebrae
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fosamax should be taken on an _____ stomach at the _____ time each day
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empty, same
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Evista is an alternative to ___ to prevent and treat OP
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estrogen
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evista protects against _____ and ________ cancer
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breast and endometrial
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evista is classified as a.....
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selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
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Calcitonin is a _____ _____ ______
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salmon nasal spray
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calcitonin inhibits...
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osteoclasts and resorption of calcium
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Forteo was approved by the FDA in
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2002
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Forteo is a form of
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PTH (parathyroid hormones)
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Forteo incresases (2)
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bone formation (builds new bone)
BMD |
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What kind of supplement is used with Forteo
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vitamin D
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what is the newest bisphosphonate on the market?
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boniva
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boniva is used predominantly for _____ ______ OP
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post menopausal
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what was the first med on the market for treatment of OP via oral route?
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Boniva
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